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forestry > forestry knowledge > Flashcards

forestry knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Acre

A

Ten square chains, or 208.7 ft. by 208.7 ft. square, or 43,560 square ft.

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2
Q

Afforestation

A

Establishment of a forest or stand in an area not previously forested.

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3
Q

Age-Class

A

Classification of a stand of trees based on when regeneration started.

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4
Q

Rotation-Age

A

Age at which a tree is ready to harvest.

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5
Q

Annual Ring

A

A summer and spring ring representing one growth year.

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6
Q

All-Aged

A

A stand of timber where all age classes are represented.

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7
Q

Aspect

A

Direction the slope faces.

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8
Q

Azimuth

A

Three hundred sixty (360) degrees on compass.

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9
Q

Back-Fire

A

Fire set along a control line which burns back into the fire.

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10
Q

Inner Bark

A

Area between the cambium and periderm.

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11
Q

Outer Bark

A

Layer of tissue outside of the last periderm layer.

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12
Q

Bearing Compass

A

A compass set up with four (4) 90 degree quadrants.

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13
Q

Tree Biomass

A

Weight of complete trees (living material).

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14
Q

Board Foot

A

The volume equivalent to a board one inch thick x twelve inches wide x twelve inches long.

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15
Q

Bole

A

Trunk or stem of a tree.

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16
Q

Breast Height

A

A point on a tree 4.5 ft. above the ground on the uphill side of a tree.

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17
Q

Controlled Burning

A

A deliberately started fire to accomplish a particular management purpose.

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18
Q

Burning Prescription

A

Describes the conditions and results to be garnered from a control burn.

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19
Q

Buck

A

To cut logs into specific lengths.

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20
Q

Butt Log

A

The first log above the stump.

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21
Q

Cambium

A

Growing tissue, produces xylem and phloem, that is part of the inner bark.

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22
Q

Chain

A

66 ft. measurement unit, or four (4) rods long.

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23
Q

Chaparral

A

A thicket of low, evergreen oaks or dense tangled brushwood.

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24
Q

Season Check

A

Lengthwise separation of wood which goes or extends across the rings of annual growth and is caused by stress during seasoning.

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25
Q

Clearcutting

A

Area in which the entire timber stand has been cut.

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26
Q

Codominant

A

Trees which are the average level of the canopy and receive light on the top but not necessarily on all sides of the crown.

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27
Q

Conifer

A

Cone bearing trees, usually evergreen.

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28
Q

Cord

A

Unit of measurement for stocked wood, four ft. by four ft. by 8 ft. (4’ x 4’ x 8’) or 128 cubic feet.

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29
Q

Crown

A

The part of a tree or woody plant bearing live branches and foliage.

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30
Q

Crown Fire

A

Fire which has moved into the tops of the trees.

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31
Q

Cruise

A

Survey of forest lands to locate and estimate volume and grades of standing timber.

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32
Q

Cubic foot

A

A unit of true volume that measures 1 x 1 x 1 ft or the equivalent of 12 board feet.

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33
Q

Cunit

A

A unit of volume, usually pulpwood, that measures 100 ft3.

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34
Q

Cull

A

Any item of production, e.g., trees, logs, lumber, or seedlings, rejected because it does not meet certain specifications of usability or grade.

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35
Q

Deciduous

A

Trees which usually drop all of their leaves more or less at one time, usually in the fall.

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36
Q

Mill Deck

A

Platform where logs are held in the sawmill prior to sawing.

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37
Q

Log Defect

A

Any irregularity or imperfection in a log which reduces the volume of sound wood or lowers the durability, strength or utility value.

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38
Q

Dendrology

A

Identification or systematic classification of trees.

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39
Q

Crown Density

A

The compactness of foliage of the crowns of trees and shrubs.

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40
Q

Dioecious

A

Male and female flowers produced on separate plants.

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41
Q

Dominant

A

Trees whose crowns extend above the average level of the forest canopy. They receive direct sunlight from above and some from the sides.

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42
Q

Duff

A

Organic debris in various stages of decomposition on top of the mineral soil

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43
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interrelationships between living organisms and the environment.

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44
Q

Even-Aged Management

A

Applied to a stand where relatively small age differences exist between individual trees. The maximum age difference is usually 10 to 20 years.

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45
Q

Tree Farm

A

Area usually privately owned which is dedicated to the production of timber products.

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46
Q

Surface Fire

A

A fire which burns over the forest floor and burns only the surface litter, loose debris and small vegetation.

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47
Q

Exploitation

A

Use of natural resources with economic greed as the primary motivation and the manipulation of the environment with no consideration for sustained yield.

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48
Q

Firebreak

A

A barrier existing or constructed before a fire to serve as a line from which work can be facilitated. Inflammable materials have been removed from the area and it is designed to stop creeping or running fires.

49
Q

Multiple Use of the Forest

A

Management of the forest with concern for all natural resources including timber, wildlife, recreation, mining, watershed, and range. All of the uses are used without the harming or detrimental affects on the other uses.

50
Q

Gall

A

A pronounced localized swelling of modified structure which occurs on plants usually as the result of the irritation or stimulus by another organism.

51
Q

Girdle

A

To completely encircle the bole of a tree with cuts that completely sever the cambium layer eventually killing the tree.

52
Q

Ground Fire

A

A fire which burns in the organic matter and down into the soil and roots.

53
Q

Habitat

A

The site or area in which the plants or animals live. The unit area of the environment synonymous with site.

54
Q

Hardwood

A

Wood produced by broadleaf trees; same as porous wood.

55
Q

Heartwood

A

The inner core of the woody stem or bole wholly composed of nonliving cells and usually has a darker color.

56
Q

Hectare

A

A unit of land measure within the metric system. About 2.471 acres.

57
Q

Heeling In

A

Placing small bundles of bare-root seedlings in a shallow trench or hole and covering the roots.

58
Q

Herbicide

A

A chemical used for killing or controlling the growth of plants.

59
Q

Humus

A

Plant and animal residues of the duff which is in varying stages of decomposition.

60
Q

Hypsometer

A

Instrument used to measure tree height using geometric or trigonometric principles.

61
Q

Intermediate Cuts

A

Harvest of trees made before a final harvest.

62
Q

Intolerance

A

Inability of a tree to develop and grow in shade or in competition with other trees.

63
Q

Kerf

A

Saw width of cut made by the saw. Basically sawdust residue.

64
Q

Litter

A

Organic materials on upper layer of the duff.

65
Q

Log

A

a) To cut and deliver logs aka logging.
b) Tree segments, cut to length and suitable for lumber.

66
Q

Lookout

A

A station used for detection of fires. Usually a tower at a high point so a good view of the forest is available.

67
Q

Lop

A

To cut limbs from trees, whether standing, felled, or fallen.

68
Q

Maturity

A

Age beyond which growth declines in a given species.

69
Q

Mensuration

A

Science of measurement of volume and growth and development of individual trees and stands and of the products they produce.

70
Q

Merchantable Log

A

Size of a log, usually 16 ft., which is marketable.

71
Q

Mixed Stand

A

Less than 75% of the stems in the stand are of the same species.

72
Q

Monoecious

A

Having male and female flowers on the same plant.

73
Q

Overrun

A

Excess amount of lumber actually sawed from the logs compared to the estimated volume from scaling.

74
Q

Overstory

A

Upper crown cover.

75
Q

Pathology

A

Study of the science of diseases of forest trees or stands, and the deterioration of the products by the organisms.

76
Q

Phloem

A

Inner bark, just outward of the cambium, that translocates food made in the leaves down to the branches, twigs and roots.

77
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants manufacture food and oxygen.

78
Q

Pole (size class)

A

Name for trees less than 12 inch dbh. Young: dbh of 4 inches. Small: 4 to 8 inch dbh. Large: 8 to 12 inch dbh.

79
Q

Pruning

A

The removal of live or dead stems from dead or living trees.

80
Q

Pulpwood

A

Wood cut or prepared primarily to be used in wood pulp manufacture for paper products, etc.

81
Q

Reforestation

A

The natural or artificial restocking of an area with forest trees.

82
Q

Rot

A

Wood in a state of decay.

83
Q

Rotation

A

The period of years required to establish and grow a timber crop to a specified condition of maturity.

84
Q

Sapling (size class)

A

A tree usually 3-10 ft. in height with a 2-4 inch dbh. Not over 4 inch dbh.

85
Q

Sapwood

A

The light colored wood which conducts water and nutrients to the crown of the tree.

86
Q

Saw Timber

A

Trees that yield logs of suitable size and quality to be made into lumber.

87
Q

Scale

A

Measuring to determine the sound volume or contents of a log or group of logs.

88
Q

Seasoning

A

The process of reducing the moisture content of wood or lumber by exposing it to air or using a kiln.

89
Q

Section

A

An area of land one mile square containing 640 acres.

90
Q

Seeding

A

Planting of seed by man or by natural process.

91
Q

Seedling (size class)

A

A tree usually grown by natural process from seed that is less than three ft. tall and smaller than a sapling.

92
Q

Seed Tree

A

A mature tree left for natural seed regeneration or for seed collection.

93
Q

Shake

A

A lengthwise separation of the wood usually between the annual growth rings.

94
Q

Shelterwood

A

The establishment of natural reproduction with a partial shade left to protect the young seedlings. Removal of the mature timber in a series of cuttings, cuts not more than 25% or less than 1/10th of the stand.

95
Q

Shrub

A

A woody perennial with a multiple branching stem.

96
Q

Silviculture

A

The growing or the art and science of tending the forest.

97
Q

Site

A

An area considered as to its environmental or ecological factors.

98
Q

Site Index

A

A species-specific measure of actual or potential forest productivity expressed in terms of the average height of trees at a specified index or base age.

99
Q

Slash

A

The debris and materials (limbs, etc.) left over from logging.

100
Q

Snag

A

A standing dead tree usually over 20 ft. in height. Under 20 ft. is termed a stub.

101
Q

Softwood

A

Wood produced by coniferous trees; same as nonporous wood.

102
Q

Springwood

A

Wood formed of less dense, larger, cells.

103
Q

Pure Stand

A

A stand in which 75% or more of the species are of the same species .

104
Q

Stumpage

A

The value of timber as it stands in the woods.

105
Q

Sustained Yield

A

Continuous yield of forest products from a specific area, year after year.

106
Q

Taper

A

The difference in diameter between any two points along the tree stem.

107
Q

Thinning

A

Cutting in an immature stand to increase its rate of growth to foster quality growth, improve composition and to promote a healthy stand.

108
Q

Shade Tolerance

A

The ability of a tree to withstand shade.

109
Q

Township

A

36 sections; a six mile by six mile parcel of land.

110
Q

Transpiration

A

The process by which water vapor passes from the foliage or other parts of a living plant to the atmosphere.

111
Q

Tree

A

A woody plant which has a bole or trunk of at least 8 ft. which is well defined.

112
Q

Wolf Tree

A

A tree taking up space which has no value itself but competes with wanted trees. Usually stubby, short boled trees with many limbs.

113
Q

Undercut

A

A cut in felling trees which is what creates a notch determining which way the tree is to fall.

114
Q

Understory

A

The forest growth below the overstory, or taller plants in the canopy.

115
Q

Uneven-Aged Management

A

Management of a stand where different age classes are maintained.

116
Q

Wildfire

A

Natural occurring fires or man induced fires which no matter how they were started are burning out of control.

117
Q

Windfall

A

A tree uprooted by wind or broken off by wind.

118
Q

Xylem

A

The principal water-conducting tissue and the chief supporting system of higher plants, composed of tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma.

forestry (1 decks)

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