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Forestry > Forestry FC 2 > Flashcards

Forestry FC 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pole timber

A

trees 4 to 10 inches dbh.

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2
Q

pre-commercial operations

A

cutting in forest stands to remove wood too small to be marketed. Precommercial operations improve species composition and increase the quality, growth, and vigor of remaining trees.

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3
Q

pre-commercial treatments

A

forestry operations that require landowner investment, such as cleaning or weeding stands to remove trees that have little or no cash value.

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4
Q

prospectus

A

a document that describes the location of a property, indicates trees marked for cutting, and states that the timber will be sold in accordance with a suitable contact. A prospectus includes the number of trees marked, their diameter classes, and a volume estimate for each species

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5
Q

pruning

A

the act of sawing or cutting branches from a living tree. In forest management, pruning is done to promote the growth of clear, valuable wood on the tree bole.

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6
Q

pulaski

A

Firefighters use this tool, which combines a single-bitted axe blade for chopping with a narrow blade for trenching, to clear vegetation when constructing a fireline

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7
Q

pulpwood

A

wood suitable for use in paper manufacturing

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8
Q

regeneration

A

the process by which a forest is reseeded and renewed. Advanced regeneration refers to regeneration that is established before the existing forest stand is removed.

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9
Q

regeneration cut

A

a timber harvest designed to promote natural establishment of trees

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10
Q

release

A

to remove overtopping trees that compete with understory or suppressed trees

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11
Q

residual stand

A

the trees remaining intact following any cutting operation.

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12
Q

rot

A

a tree defect characterized by woody decay in a standing tree or log

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13
Q

rotation

A

the number of years required to grow a stand to a desired size or maturity

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14
Q

salvage cut

A

the removal of dead, damaged, or diseased trees to recover maximum value prior to deterioration.

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15
Q

sapling

A

a tree at least 4 1/2 feet tall and up to 4 inches in diameter.

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16
Q

sapling cut

A

a stand of trees whose average dbh is between 1 and 4 inches

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17
Q

sawlog

A

a log large enough to be sawed economically on a sawmill. Sawlogs are usually at least 8 inches in diameter at the small end

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18
Q

sawlog tree

A

a tree at least 11 inches dbh and suitable for conversion to lumber. Sometimes, trees 11 to 14 inches dbh are called small sawlog trees, and trees larger than 18 inches dbh are called large sawlog trees.

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19
Q

sawtimber

A

trees from which sawlogs can be made

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20
Q

sawtimber stand

A

a stand of trees whose average dbh is greater than 11 inches.

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21
Q

scale stick

A

a calibrated stick used to estimate wood volume in a log.

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22
Q

sealed-bid timber

A

a timber sale, usually offered through a consulting forester, in which buyers submit secret bids.

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23
Q

seed tree

A

a mature tree left uncut to provide seed for regeneration of a harvested stand

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24
Q

seed tree harvest

A

the felling of all the trees in an area except for a few desirable individuals that provide seed for the next forest

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25
Q

selection harvest

A

the harvest of all individual trees or small groups at regular intervals to maintain an uneven-aged forest. Selection harvests are used to manage species that do not need sunlight to survive.

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26
Q

service forester

A

a professional forester employed by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources Forest Service. Service foresters help private woodland owners develop and implement forest management plans. There is at least one service forester in each Maryland county.

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27
Q

shelterwood harvest

A

the harvest of all mature trees in an area in a series of two or more cuts, leaving enough trees of other sizes to provide shade and protection for forest seedlings

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28
Q

silviculture

A

the art and science of growing forest trees

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29
Q

site

A

the combination of biotic, climatic, topographic, and soil conditions of an area.

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30
Q

site index

A

a measure of the quality of a site based on the height of dominate trees at a specified age (usually 25 or 50 years), depending on the species.

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31
Q

site preparation

A

treatment of an area prior to reestablishment of a forest stand. Site preparation can include mechanical clearing, burning, or chemical (herbicide) vegetation control.

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32
Q

skidder

A

a rubber-tired machine with a cable winch or grapple used to drag logs out of the forest.

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33
Q

skidding

A

the act of moving trees from the site of felling to a leading area or landing. Tractors, horses, or specialized logging equipment can be used for skidding. Skidding methods vary in their impact on soils and the remaining stands.

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34
Q

slash

A

branches and other woody material left on a site after logging.

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35
Q

snag

A

a dead tree that is still standing. Snags provide important food and cover for a wide variety of wildlife species.

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36
Q

softwood

A

any tree in the gymnosperm group, including pines, hemlocks, larches, spruces, firs, and junipers. Softwoods often are called conifers although some, such as junipers and yews do not produce cones.

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37
Q

sprout

A

a tree growing from a cut stump or previously established root system.

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38
Q

stand

A

a group of forest trees of sufficiently uniform species composition, age, and condition to be considered a homogeneous unit for management purposes.

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39
Q

stand density

A

the quantity of trees per unit area, usually evaluated in terms of basal area, crown cover and stocking

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40
Q

stocking

A

the number and density of trees in a forest stand. Stands are often classified as understocked, well-stocked or overstocked.

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41
Q

stratification

A

division of a forest, or any ecosystem, into separate layers of vegetation that provide distinct niches for wildlife. See canopy, understory, and herbaceous vegetation.

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42
Q

stumpage

A

the value of standing trees in a forest.

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43
Q

stumpage price

A

the price paid for standing forest trees.

44
Q

stumpage height

A

the distance from the ground to the top of the stump. Good logging practice dictates that stumps be as low as possible (preferably as low as 12 inches) to reduce waste, to minimize visual impact on the logging site, and to promote resprouting of trees

45
Q

succession

A

the natural replacement of one plant (or animal) community by another over time in the absence of disturbance

46
Q

suppressed

A

a tree condition characterized by low growth rate and low vigor as a result of competition with overtopping trees. See overtopped

47
Q

sustained yield

A

an ideal forest management objective in which the volume of wood removed equals growth within the total forest.

48
Q

sweep

A

a tree defect characterized by a gradual curve in the main stem.

49
Q

thinning

A

a partial cut in an immature, overstocked stand of trees used to increase the stand’s value growth by concentrating on individuals with the best potential.

50
Q

threatened species

A

a species or subspecies whose population is so small or is declining so rapidly that it may become endangered in all or a significant portion of its range.

51
Q

t.s.i.

A

timber stand improvement (t.s.i.) - any practice that increases the value or rate of value growth in a stand of potential sawtimber trees. Pruning and thinning are considered t.s.i.

52
Q

tolerance

A

a tree species’ capacity to grow in shade

53
Q

tree farm

A

a privately owned forest managed on a multiple use basis with timber production as an important management goal.

54
Q

trim allowance

A

the extra 2 or 3 inched left on a bucked log to allow logs with end checks, pulls, or slanting buck cuts to be trimmed to standard lumber lengths.

55
Q

understocked

A

a stand of trees so widely spaced, that even with full growth potential realized, crown closure will not occur

56
Q

understory

A

the level of forest vegetation beneath the canopy.

57
Q

uneven aged stand

A

Three or more age classes of trees represented

58
Q

unit sale

A

a timber sale in which the buyer makes regular (weekly, monthly) payments based on mill receipts. Unit sales are useful when the amount of timber sold is so large that a preharvest, lump-sum payment would be prohibitive.

59
Q

veneer log

A

a high-quality log of a desirable species suitable for conversion to veneer. Veneer logs must be large, straight, of minimum taper, and free from defects

60
Q

virgin forest

A

an area of old-growth trees that never has been harvested by humans.

61
Q

watershed

A

a region defined by patterns of stream drainage. A watershed includes all the land that contributes water to a particular stream or river.

62
Q

well-stocked

A

the situation in which a forest stand contains trees spaced widely enough to prevent competition yet closely enough to utilize the entire site.

63
Q

wildlife habitat

A

the native environment of an animal. Habitats ideally provide all the elements needed for life and growth: food, water, cover and space.

64
Q

windthrow

A

a tree felled by wind. Windthrows, also known as blowdowns, are common among shallow-rooted species and in areas where cutting has reduced stand density

65
Q

wolf-tree

A

a large older tree with a spreading crown and little or no timber value, but often great value for wildlife.

66
Q

annual

A

A plant which completes its life cycle in one year.

67
Q

achine fruit type

A

One-seeded fruit, often plumose; outer layer firmly atttached to the seed, dry indehiscent.

68
Q

anther

A

: The pollen bearing part of the stamen.

69
Q

berry type fruit

A

A several seeded fruit with fleshy outer and inner walls; seeds imbedded in the pulpy mass; inner ovary wall fleshy and any hard coat around the seed does not belong to the ovary; fleshy fruit.

70
Q

bipinnate

A

Twice pinnate.

71
Q

bract

A

A more or less modified leaf situated near a flower

72
Q

bud

A

Much-condensed, undeveloped shoot

73
Q

calyx

A

Collective name of sepals

74
Q

compound leaf

A

Composed of two or more similar parts.

75
Q

corm

A

A thickened, vertical, solid underground stem

76
Q

corolla

A

Collective name for petals

77
Q

corona

A

An appendage or extension standing between the corolla and the stamen. Also called “crown”.

78
Q

dioecious

A

Male and female flowers are borne on different plants.

79
Q

drupe fruit type

A

Usually a one-seeded fleshy fruit from a single pistil with a fleshy outer wall and bony inner wall; hard coat around the seed, a part of the ovary; fleshy fruit.

80
Q

exfoliating

A

Peeling off in thin layers.

81
Q

glabrous

A

Smooth, no hairs present.

82
Q

gymnosperm

A

Cone bearing plants considered more primitive than flowering plants.

83
Q

herbaceous

A

A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground, also leaf-like in color or texture.

84
Q

inflorescence

A

The flowering part of a plant

85
Q

leaflet

A

Each apparent blade of a compound leaf

86
Q

midrib

A

The main or central vein of a leaf

87
Q

monoecious

A

Male and female flowers are borne on the same plant.

88
Q

node

A

The place on the stem which normally bears a leaf.

89
Q

nut fruit type

A

Usually a one-celled, one seeded fruit with a bony, woody, leathery or papery wall, and usually partially or wholly encased in an involucre, or husk

90
Q

opposite leaf arrangement

A

Two leaves at a node, one on the opposite side of the twig from the other; a condition called subopposite may occur in some plants when one leaf of a pair is slightly below or above the other

91
Q

ovary

A

That part of the pistil that contains the ovules

92
Q

perennial

A

A plant which lasts for three or more years.

93
Q

pome fruit type

A

The product of a compound pistil; fleshy outer ovary wall and a papery or cartilaginous inner wall which encases numerous seeds; enlarged receptacle constitutes most of the fruit, fleshy fruit.

94
Q

pubescent

A

Covered with short, soft hairs.

95
Q

rachis

A

Apparent continuation of the petiole in a compound leaf.

96
Q

rhizome

A

Any prostrate, more or less elongated stem growing partially or completely beneath the surface of the ground.

97
Q

samara fruit type

A

Winged fruit; dry, indehiscent

98
Q

sepal

A

One of the parts of the outer whorl of the floral envelope or calyx, usually green in color.

99
Q

simple leaf

A

generally a leaf with one blade; without leaflets

100
Q

stamen

A

One of the pollen-bearing organs of a flower

101
Q

stipule

A

Leaflike appendage at the base of the leaf.

102
Q

stolon

A

Trailing shoot above ground, rooting at the nodes

103
Q

succulent

A

Fleshy and full of juice.

104
Q

tri-pinnate

A

Three times pinnate

105
Q

tuber

A

A thickened, short, usually subterranean stem having numerous buds called eyes

106
Q

whorled leaf arrangement

A

Three or more leaves at a node

Forestry (2 decks)

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