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LAM II > Forestomach diseases > Flashcards

Forestomach diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve innervates the forstomaches and the abomasum?

A

The vagus nerve

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2
Q

When you percuss the paralumbar fossa, what sound is made with free gas bloat?

A

A lower pitch “bonk”

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3
Q

What fails in order to cause free gas bloat?

A

Failure of secondary contraction (eructation)

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4
Q

How can you relieve free gas bloat and can it re-occur?

A

Pass a stomach tube

Yes it can re-occur

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5
Q

What occurs with frothy bloat?

A

Ruminal gasses become trapped within abnormally viscous digesta

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6
Q

What usually causes frothy bloat?

A

Feedstuffs like lush legumes, clover, and winter wheat

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7
Q

What is in higher concentrations in frothy bloat as opposed to regular rumen fluid?

A

Chloroplast membrane fragments, soluble proteins and fine particles

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8
Q

How does frothy bloat affect the neural receptors near the cardia?

A

Frothy bloat blocks the neural receptors near the cardia and prevents relaxation, which occurs during secondary contractions (eructation)

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9
Q

What can happen to the cardia with frothy bloat?

A

If the fluid is too viscous the cardia may be plugged

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10
Q

Is abdominal distention with bloat asymmetrical or symmetrical? Where is it the most pronounced?

A

Asymmetrical

Left paralumbar fossa

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11
Q

With acute bloat, what is the timeframe that death can occur in?

A

30 min - 4 hrs

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12
Q

What are the two ways free gas bloat can be caused?

A

(1) Vagal indigestion type I

(2) Esophageal obstruction

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13
Q

What type of bloat is frothy bloat?

A

Gassy

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14
Q

What are the causes of fluidy bloat?

A

(1) indigestion due to grain overload or other dietary insult
(2) Vagal type II
(3) Obstruction in the GI tract

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15
Q

What is the first thing you do in a bloated ruminant?

A

Pass an orogastric tube

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16
Q

What are ddx for bloat?

A

(1) ruptured bladder
(2) hydroallantois
(3) LDA
(4) abomasa volvulus
(5) mesenteric volvulus

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17
Q

What do you do in an emergency bloat case after passing an orogastric tube?

A

Trocarization or a rumenotomy

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18
Q

In a less severe free gas bloat, what treatment do you utilize?

A

A stomach tube

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19
Q

In a less severe frothy bloat, what treatments can you utilize?

A

(1) Poloxalene in an orogastric tube to break up the froth
(2) Vegetable oils
(3) Dactyl sodium sulfosuccinate

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20
Q

What type of bloat will trocharization not relieve?

A

Frothy bloat

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21
Q

With chronic free gas bloat, what course of treatment do you follow?

A

Temporary rumenotomy (aka blow hole sx), followed by investigation into the underlying cause with rumen fluid evaluation, rads, esophageal endoscopy, reticular U/S, and exploratory laparotomy/rumenotomy

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22
Q

What management is needed to prevent frothy bloat?

A

(1) grazing management/adaption diets
(2) Poloxalene
(3) Ionophores

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23
Q

Describe simple or primary indigestion

A

Acute onset resulting from an abrupt dietary change. Consists of self-limiting but rapid decline in rumen fermentation

24
Q

Describe secondary indigestion

A

Chronic and the result of other disease processes such as endotoxemic infection, abomasal dz, or metabolic dz

25
Q

What are the CS of primary rumen indigestion

A

(1) acute anorexia
(2) reduced to absent rumen motility
(3) diarrhea common within 24 hrs

26
Q

What are the CS of secondary rumen indigestion

A

(1) rumination absent
(2) rumen underfilled
(3) depressed fecal production
(4) +/- diarrhea

27
Q

What process involves using “liquid gold” to treat rumen indigestion?

A

Rumen transfaunation

28
Q

Describe the process of rumen transfaunation

A

Administer a min of 3L (8-16L is best) of rumen fluid that has been adapted to the patients expected ration. Repeat for 2-3 days

29
Q

What should/shouldn’t you feed to a patient with rumen indigestion?

A

Feed grass/oat hay

No concentrates

30
Q

Define vagal indigestion

A

Depressed fore stomach function

31
Q

What are the 4 types of indigestion?

A

(1) Type I: free gas bloat (failure to eructate)
(2) Type II: Omasal transport failure
(3) Type III: Abomasal stasis
(4) Type IV: Late preg or pyloric outflow obstruction

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology of free gas bloat?

A

Gas remains in the dorsal cap of the rumen instead of being eructed out

33
Q

What is the pathophysiology of omasal transport failure?

A

The progression of the feed bolus is stopped in the reticulum instead of moving into the omasum

34
Q

What is the pathophysiology of abomasal stasis?

A

The progression of feed bolus is stopped in the antrum of the abomasum instead of moving towards the pylorus

35
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pyloric outflow obstruction?

A

The progression of the feed bolus is stopped at the pylorus instead of moving into the cranial duodenum

36
Q

What are the 4 most common places of BLV associated lymphoma in cattle?

A

(1) occular
(2) lungs
(3) LN
(4) R auricle of the heart

37
Q

How do you diagnose type 1 failure to eructate

A

Percuss the tympanic area in the paralumbar fossa. If there is a low pitch “bonk,” it indicates free gas

38
Q

What is commonly the cause of type 1 failure to eructate?

A

Lesions of the mediastinum associated with pneumonia

39
Q

What shape is a cow with a type II omasal transport failure?

A

“Papple” or L shaped

40
Q

What occurs as a result of type II omasal transport failure?

A

Progressive distention as the forestomaches fill with ingesta

41
Q

What happens to the motility of the rumen with type II omasal transport failure?

A

Hypermotility results

42
Q

What pathology do you need to check for with type II omasal transport failure?

A

traumatic reticular periotonitis

43
Q

What do you use to differentiate type II from type III indigestion?

A

Rumen chloride and acid/base status. With type II, acid/base will be normal and rumen electrolytes will be fairly normal (normal chloride is 30 mEq/L)

44
Q

What can you access from the left flank?

A

The serosa of the reticulum

45
Q

What can you access from the right flank?

A

The omasum

46
Q

With type II omasal transport failure, what can you use an U/S to help with diagnosis?

A

The heart and the reticulum

47
Q

How will a normal animal react to a withers pinch test?

A

Retroflex with no grunting

48
Q

What are the possible causes of type III abomasal stasis?

A

(1) FB
(2) Pyloric dz
(3) Abomasal wall function is disturbed (i.e. peritonitis, abomasal ulceration)

49
Q

What type of indigestion does “internal vomiting” occur with and what does this do to chloride levels in the rumen?

A

Type III abomasal stasis and increased levels of chloride

50
Q

What biochem values would you expect to find with a cow with type III abomasal stasis?

A

A hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

51
Q

What type of therapy do you administer for type III indigestion, what type of fluid/additives, and what do you need to be aware of with your fluids?

A

(1) agressive
(2) NaCl + 20-100 mEq/L KCl
(3) Max KCl is 0.5-1 mEq/kg/hr

52
Q

What are two other causes of the “papple” shape in cattle other than type II indigestion?

A

(1) old age

(2) preg

53
Q

What is a ruminal drinker?

A

When milk accumulates in the reticulum and rumen

54
Q

What are some causes of ruminal drinking?

A

(1) failure of the esophageal groove to close
(2) calves maintained as pre-ruminants longer than 3 months old
(3) feeding contaminated or spoiled milk or improper milk replacer
(4) abomasal reflux
(5) overfeeding of milk (>2L per 35 kg)
(6) abomasal dis

55
Q

What are CS of a rumenal drinker?

A

(1) poor coat
(2) pot bellied appearance with fluid distended abomasum
(3) poor appetite

56
Q

What would you expect to find with a rumenal drinker upon abdominocentesis?

A

(1) grey rumen fluid +/- milk clots
(2) foul odor
(3) acute –> pH >7.5; chronic –> pH 5-5.5

LAM II (1 decks)

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