Forerunners of the Reformation (Final Exam Short Answer)

Question 1

Growing dissatisfaction with the Roman church 1

Answer 1

Loss of respect for the clergy: Immoral practices because of insistence on celibacy. Corrupting influences of wealth.

Question 2

Growing dissatisfaction with the Roman church 2

Answer 2

The loss of respect for the papacy: The Babylonian Captivity (1309-77. Pope moved to Avignon France) The Great Schism (1378-1417. Urban VI and Clement VII both claim papal office. Leads three pope incident with Alexander V (1409). All are eventually deposed)

Question 3

Growing dissatisfaction with the Roman church 3

Answer 3

Papal taxes: The now-powerful rulers of national states and the strong middle class that supported them resented the drain of wealth from the national treasury to the papal treasure. This was especially true of the rulers of England and France.

Question 4

Efforts to Reform the Church 1

Answer 4

The Conciliar Movement (1409-49): Impetus for reforming councils was the Great Schism of 1378 and the precedent of the ecumenical councils from 325 to 451. Basic premise was that a universal church council has more authority than the pope. Implemented through councils (Council of Pisa (1409) Council of Constance (1414-18) Council of Pavia (1423) Councils of Basel and Ferrara (Florence) (1431-49)

Question 5

Efforts to Reform the Church 2

Answer 5

Mysticism— Strong movement in Germany and the Low Countries. Emphasized personal to communing with God through contemplation and visions

Question 6

Efforts to Reform the Church 3

Answer 6

Reformers: John Wycliffe (“Morning Star of the Reformation” (1329-1384). Englishman who spoke out against Roman Church and translated NT into English from Vulgate. Declared a heretic and burned at the stake. but his ideas were carried to Bohemia by his followers the Lollards) John (Jan) Hus ((1373-1415) Bohemian priest who denounced the immoral and luxurious lifestyles of many priests. claimed that Christ alone is the head of the church and only God (not priests) can forgive sins and no one could declare as doctrine a teaching that is contrary to Scripture and that only the Bible was to be obeyed. Hus was burned at the stake as a heretic by Sigismund on July 6 1415.

Question 7

Cultural Changes 1

Answer 7

The Renaissance and Humanism: Rediscovery of classical literature and artistic expression in Italy during the fourteenth century that eventually spread to the rest of Europe. Interest in history/ arts/ literature/ architecture/ and other human achievements/ a focus on life in this world and on the individual.

Question 8

Cultural Changes 2

Answer 8

The Biblical Humanists: Promoted the study of the Bible in Greek and Hebrew and the historical-grammatical method of interpretation. John Reuchlin (1455-1522) – studied in Italy and produced a Hebrew grammar and dictionary. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) – published a Greek NT in 1516.

Question 9

Cultural Changes 3

Answer 9

Rise of Nation-States: Growth of a middle-class that wanted a share in political life. Weakened the power of the papacy as England and France asserted itself over and against popes.