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Forensics > Forensics Winter Exam Content > Flashcards

Forensics Winter Exam Content Flashcards

1
Q

property of physical evidence that connects an individual or thing to a group that share similar characteristics

A

class evidence

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2
Q

property of physical evidence, narrows to one individual

A

individual evidence

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3
Q

examples of class evidence? (3)

A
  • shoe prints
  • blood type
  • hair (w/o the follicle)
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4
Q

examples of individual evidence? (3)

A
  • DNA
  • hair (w/ the follicle)
  • fingerprints
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5
Q

the initial location

A

primary crime scene

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6
Q

secondary location

A

secondary crime scene

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7
Q

evidence used to imply a fact but not prove it directly

A

circumstantial indirect evidence

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8
Q

material that comes from a proven or known source

A

control sample

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9
Q

very small pieces of evidence

A

trace evidence

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10
Q

evidence that (if true) proves an alleged fact, such as an eyewitness account of a crime

A

direct evidence

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11
Q

What are most wrongful convictions the result of?

A

faulty eyewitness testimony

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12
Q

when a person comes into contact with an object (or another person) across transfer of physical evidence can occur

A

Locard’s exchange principle

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13
Q

Why is it important to separate witnesses at the crime scene?

A

reduce the likelihood of them reporting into things they have not directly observed

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14
Q

the unbroken paper trail that follows evidence from the crime scene, through analysis, and all the way to the court room

A

Chain of Custody

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15
Q

5 components of a crime scene sketch?

A
  • direction
  • measurements
  • evidence
  • markers
  • correct object placement
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16
Q

What type of evidence has allowed the Innocence Project to free individuals from prison for wrongful convictions?

A

DNA evidence

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17
Q

objects found at the scene of a crime

A

physical evidence

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18
Q

materials or substances of bodily fluids and tissues; evidence from an organic source human, plant, or animal

A

biological evidence

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19
Q

What are the most 2 important factors of securing a crime scene?

A
  • make sure everyone is safe
  • preserve and protect the area as much as possible
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20
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes

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22
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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23
Q

substances on cells that trigger an immune response

A

antigens

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24
Q

proteins that attach to red blood cells as an immune response

A

antibodies

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25
Q

most abundant cells in our blood; produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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26
Q

clotting factors that are carried in plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

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27
Q

they are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens

A

white blood cells (leukocytes)

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28
Q

clumping of red blood cells

A

agglutination

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29
Q

Universal donor?

A

O-

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30
Q

Universal recipient?

A

AB+

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31
Q

When a blood drop falls at a 90 degree angle, what shape of blood droplet will be produced?

A

circular blood droplet

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32
Q

used to find area of convergence

A

string method

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33
Q

What is the forensic value in blood typing?

A

can show the possible math of two samples

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34
Q

What type of evidence is blood typing?

A

class evidence

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35
Q

What type of evidence is DNA?

A

individual evidence

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36
Q

Size of blood droplet at 5 ft?

A

4 to 6 mm

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37
Q

Size of blood droplet at 25 ft?

A

1 to 4 mm

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38
Q

Size of blood droplet at 100 ft?

A

less than 1 mm

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39
Q

the … the height the … the drop

A

lower; smaller

40
Q

What type of DNA can be individualized to a single person?

A

nuclear DNA

41
Q

DNA from the nucleus of the cell individualized to a single person

A

nuclear

42
Q

DNA from the mitochondria, passed down from the mother

A

mitochondrial

43
Q

What part of the blood determines a person’s blood type?

A

presence or no presence of antigens A and B

44
Q

DNA fingerprinting method

A

gel electrophoresis

45
Q

Combined DNA Index System (DNA database)

A

CODIS

46
Q

3 types of fingerprints?

A
  • whorl
  • loop
  • arch
47
Q

Percentage of loops in the world?

A

65%

48
Q

Percentage of whorls in the world?

A

30%

49
Q

Percentage of arches in the world?

A

5%

50
Q

Most common finger print?

A

loops

51
Q

How many deltas are in a loop?

A

1

52
Q

How many deltas are in a whorl?

A

atleast 1 sometimes 2

53
Q

What part of a fingerprint is class evidence?

A

ridge

54
Q

What part of a fingerprint is individual evidence?

A

minutiae

55
Q

What part of the finger leaves fingerprints behind?

A

ridges

56
Q

Database that stores fingerprints?

A

AFIS

57
Q

What does AFIS stand for?

A

Automated Fingerprint Identification System

58
Q

objects or materials that retain characteristics through direct contact

A

impression evidence

59
Q

impressions can be identified as either … or … evidence

A

class; individual

60
Q

A split on a tire tread is an example of what type of evidence?

A

individual

61
Q

A truck is an example of what type of evidence?

A

class

62
Q

Knowing a shoe size can help investigators find the … height of individual.

A

range

63
Q

made by oils and sweat glands, invisible to the naked eye

A

latent prints

64
Q

made by blood, grease, ink, or dirt, visible to the naked eye

A

patent prints

65
Q

3- dimensional impression made in fresh paint, wax, soap,ect

A

plastic Prints

66
Q

examples of class impression evidence?

A

brand of shoe

67
Q

individual impression evidence?

A

specific patterns

68
Q

the smallest unit

A

fibers

69
Q

made from fibers

A

textiles

70
Q

man made fibers (3)

A
  • rayon
  • polyester
  • acrylic
71
Q

natural fibers (3)

A
  • cotton
    -silk
  • hemp
72
Q

What would be direct transfer of hairs and fibers?

A

from victim to suspect

73
Q

What would classify a secondary transfer of hairs and fibers?

A

from source to suspect to victim, or vice versa

74
Q

Weave and pattern thread count help determine what?

A

the type of fiber

75
Q

What can fiber evidence show? (5)

A

-type
-color
- violence
- suspect location
- point of origin

76
Q

Hair functions as? (3)

A

-temperature regulation
- sensory organ
- protection

77
Q

made up of a protein called keratin

A

hair composition

78
Q

Parts of a strand of hair

A

Cuticle, cortex, medulla

79
Q

What two parts of a strand of hair protect the cortex and medulla of the hair?

A

Cuticle and medulla

80
Q

Benefit of hair being slow to decompose

A

Allows evidence (including DNA) to be extracted for longer

81
Q
  • Anti B
  • A antigen
A

Blood Type A

82
Q
  • Anti A
  • B Antigen
A

Blood Type B

83
Q
  • A antigen
  • B Antigen
  • No antibodies
A

Blood Type AB

84
Q
  • Anti A
  • Anti B
  • No antigens
A

Blood Type O

85
Q

A compatible blood types?

A
  • A
  • O
86
Q

B compatible blood types?

A
  • B
  • O
87
Q

AB compatible blood types?

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
88
Q

O compatible blood types?

A
  • O
89
Q
  • clumping with Anti-A & Anti-D
  • no clumping with Anti-B & Control
A

A+

90
Q
  • clumping with Anti-A
  • no clumping with Anti-B, Anti-D, & Control
A

A-

91
Q
  • clumping with Anti-B & Anti-D
  • no clumping with Anti-A & Control
A

B+

92
Q
  • clumping with Anti-B
  • no clumping with Anti-A, Anti-D & Control
A

B-

93
Q
  • clumping with Anti-A, Anti-B, & Anti-D
  • no clumping with Control
A

AB+

94
Q
  • clumping with Anti-A & Anti-B
  • no clumping with Anti-D & Control
A

AB-

95
Q
  • clumping with Anti-D
  • no clumping with Anti-A, Anti-B & Control
A

O+

96
Q
  • no clumping with Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D & Control
A

O

Forensics (3 decks)

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