Forensic Science Ch 1 Flashcards
The application of science to law describes____.
Forensic Science
The Spaniard ____ published the first writings about the detection of poisons and the effects of poisons on animals, and he is considered the “Father of Forensic Toxicology.”
Mathieu Orfila
A system of personal Identification using a series of bodily measurements was first devised by ____, and he called it ____.
Alphonse Bertillon; Anthropometry
The fictional exploits of ____ excited the imagination of an emerging generation of forensic scientists and criminal investigators.
Sherlock Holmes
One of the first functional crime laboratories was formed in Lyons, France, in 1910 under the direction of ____, who developed _____ a theory stating that there is mutual transfer of material when two objects make contact with each other.
Edmond Locard; Locard’s exchange principle
The application of science to criminal investigation was advocated by the Austrian magistrate ____.
Hans Gross
True or False: The important advancement in the fields of blood typing and document examination were made in the early part of the twentieth century.
True
The Italian scientist ____ devised the first workable procedure for typing dried bloodstains.
Dr. Leone Lattes
Early efforts at applying scientific principles to document examination are associated with____.
Albert S. Osborn
The first DNA profiling test was developed by ____ in 1984, and it was first used in 1986 to identify the murderer of two young English girls.
Sir Alec Jeffrey’s
True or False: Computerized databases exist for fingerprints, bullets, cartridge cases, and DNA?
True
The first forensic laboratory in the United States was created in 1932 by the ____ Police Department.
Los Angelos
Although no national system of forensic laboratories exists in the United States, the state of ____ is an excellent example of a geographical area in the U.S. that has created a system of integrated regional and satellite laboratories.
California
A decentralized system of crime laboratories currently exists in the U.S under the auspices of various government agencies at the ___, ____, ____, and ___ levels of government.
Federal; State; County; Municipal
In contrast to the U.S, Britain has a crime laboratory system characterized by a national system of ____ laboratories.
Regional
Four important federal agencies offering Forensic services are ___, ___, ___, and ____.
FBI; Drug Enforcement Administration; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; U.S. Postal Inspection Service
The application of chemistry, physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence is the function of the ____ unit of crime laboratory.
Physical Science
The examination of bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition of all types is the responsibility of the ___ unit.
Firearms
The examination of body fluids and organs for drugs and poison is a function of the ____ unit.
Toxicology
The study of handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents is carried out by the ___ unit.
document examination unit
The ___ unit dispatches trained personnel to the scene of a crime to retrieve evidence for laboratory examination.
Crime-scene investigation
The examination of blood, hairs, fibers, and botanical materials is conducted in the ___ unit of a crime laboratory.
Biological
True or False: Special Forensic science services available to the law enforcement community include forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, and forensic astronomy.
False
The “general acceptance” principle, which serves as a criterion for the judicial admissibility of scientific evidence, was set forth in the case of ____.
Frye v, United States
In the case of ____, the Supreme Court ruled that, in assessing the admissibility of new and unique scientific tests, the trial judge did not have to rely solely on the concept of “general acceptance.”
Daubert v, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
True or False: The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmicheal restricted the “gatekeeping” role of a trial judge to scientific testimony only.
False
A Florida case that exemplifies the flexibility and wide discretion that the trial judge has in matters of scientific inquiry is _____.
Coppolino v. State
A(n) ____ is a person who can demonstrate a particular skill or has knowledge in a trade or profession that will help the court determine the truth of the matter at issue.
Expert witness
True or False: The expert’s witness’s courtroom demeanor may play an important role in deciding what weight the court will assign to his or her testimony.
True
True or False: The testimony of an expert witness incorporate his or her personal opinion relating to a matter he or she has either studied or examined.
True
True or False: in 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed issues relating to the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment in the case of Crawford v. Washington.
True
The 2009 U.S. Supreme Court decision ___ addressed the practice of using affidavits in lieu of in-person testimony by forensic examiners.
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
The ability of the investigator to recognize and collect crime-scene evidence properly depends on the amount of ___ received from the crime laboratory.
Training
