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forensic science Flashcards

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0
Q

Matthieu Orfila.

A

The father of forensic toxicology. Spain published first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals

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1
Q

The eleven sections of forensic science

A
  1. criminalistics
  2. digital & multimedia sciences
  3. engineering sciences
  4. general
  5. Odontolgy
  6. biology
  7. jurisprudence
  8. physical anthropology
  9. behavioral studies
  10. questioned documents
  11. toxicology
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2
Q

Alphonse Bertillion

A

The first scientific system of personal identification. Anthropometry- a systimatic procedure of body measurements to identify one person from another

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3
Q

Francis Galton 1822-1911

A

The first difinitive study of finger prints & devolved a method for filing them.

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4
Q

Calvin Goddard 1891-1946

A

Figured out whether a particular fun has fired a bullet. Requires comparison of the bullet and suspects weapon.

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5
Q

Hans Gross 1847-1915

A

Wrote the first treatise describing the application of disciplines to the field of criminal investigation. He detailed the assistance of ppl from the fields of microscopy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany, anthropology, and fingerprinting.

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6
Q

Edmond locard 1877-1966

A

Started a police laboratory, useing the examples of gross, but with a fine toothed comb. Became founder and director of the institute of criminalistics @university of Lyons.

When a person comes in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of materials occurs. (Locards exchange principal)

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7
Q

Sir Arthur Conan Doyal

A

Created Sherlock Holmes. First applied newly developing principals of serology

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8
Q

J. Edgar Hoover.

A

Orginized a national laboratory that offered forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the country. The FBI is the worlds largest forensic laboratory

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9
Q

Divisions and units of a modern forensic lab

A

Physical science unit - the process of the scientific method.
Biology unit - responsible for DNA profiling, comparison of organic materials
Fire arms unit- examines firearms discharged bullets, shotgun shells, and ammunitions of all kinds
Documents examination unit - studies hand writing/ type writing
Photography unit - examines and records physical evidence. Digital imaging, infrared, ultra violet,, x-ray photographs

Toxicology unit - examines bodily fluids And organs to determine the presence or absence of drugs and poisons.
Latent fingerprint unit- processes and examine evidence when submitted in conjunction with other laboratory examinations
Voiceprint analysis unit - involving telephoned threats or tape recorded messages. Jing a sound spectograph investigators can use this instrument that transforms speech into a visual display called a voiceprint.
Crime scene investigation unit- this unit dispatches specially trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and preserve physical evidence that will later be processed at the crime laboratory.

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10
Q

Functions of a forensic scientist

A

Relies primarily on the scientific knowledge and skill in performing analyses in the laboratory. A good deal of forensics time is spent in the courtroom. A forensic scientist must not only analyze evidence, but convince a jury to accept the conclusions from his evidence

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11
Q

Scientific method

A

A process that uses strict guidlines to ensure careful and systematic collection organization and analysis of information.

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12
Q

Physical property

A

The behavior of a substance without the alteration of its composition through a chemical reaction… Weight, volume, color, boiling/melting point.

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13
Q

Chemical property

A

Describes the behavior of a substance when it reacts or combines with another substance.

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14
Q

Weight

A

A property of matter that depends on both the mass of a substance and the effects of gravity on that mass

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15
Q

Mass

A

A constant property of matter that reflects the amount of material present.

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16
Q

Refraction

A

The bending of a lightwave as it passes from one medium to another

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17
Q

Refractive index

A

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed given substance

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18
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element which is not divisible by ordinary chemical means. Atoms are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons plus other subatomic particles

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19
Q

Tempered glass

A

Glass that is strengthened by introducing stress through rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces

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20
Q

Laminated glass

A

Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with a plastic film

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21
Q

Matter

A

All things of substance;matter is composed of atoms or molecules

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22
Q

Element

A

A fundamental particle of matter, an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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23
Q

Periodic table

A

A chart of elements arranged in a systematic fashion, vertical rows are cAlled groups or families, and horizontal rows are called series, elements in a given row have similar properties.

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24
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance composed of two or more elements

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25
Q

Physical state

A

A condition or stage in the form of matter, liquid, solid, gas

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26
Q

Solid

A

A state of matter in which the molecules are held tightly

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27
Q

Liquid

A

A state of matter in which molecules are in contact but are not rigidly held in place

28
Q

Gas

A

A state of matter in which the attractive forces btw molecules are small enough to permit them to move with complete freedom

29
Q

Sublimation

A

A physical change from the solid state directly into the gaseous state

30
Q

Phases

A

A uniform body of matter; different phases are separated by definite visible boundaries

31
Q

Organic

A

Describes a substance composed of carbon and often smaller amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus or other elements

32
Q

Inorganic

A

Describes a chemical compound not based on carbon

33
Q

Spectrophotometry

A

An analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelengths of light.

34
Q

Chromatography

A

any of several analytical techniques for separating organic mixtures into their components by attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase.

35
Q

Electrophoresis

A

A technique for separating through migrations on a support medium while under the influence of an electrical potential. For example dried blood in application to the characterization of DNA.

36
Q

Visible light

A

Colored light ranging from red to violet in the electromagnet field

37
Q

Wave length

A

The distance btw the crests of adjacent waves

38
Q

Frequency

A

The number of waves that pass in a given point per second

39
Q

Electromagnet spectrum

A

The entire range of radiation energy from the most energetic cosmic rays to the least energetic ratio waves

40
Q

X ray

A

A high energy short wave length form of electromotive radiation.

41
Q

Laser

A

An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation light that has all it’s waves pulsating in unison

42
Q

William Henrys law

A

When a volatile chemical compound is dissolved in Liquid and is brought to equilibrium with air, there is a fixed ratio btw the concentration of the volatile compound in air and it’s concentration in the liquid and this ration remains constant for a given temperature.

43
Q

Qualitative identification

A

The analysis of a substance in order to figure out what it’s chemical properties are.

44
Q

Quantitave analysis

A

The analysis of a substance to determine the amounts and proportions of its chemical constitutes.

45
Q

Emission spectrum

A

Light emitted from a source And separated into its component colors or frequencies.

46
Q

Continuous spectrum

A

A type of emission spectrum showing a continuous band of colors all blending into one another.

47
Q

Line spectrum

A

A type of emission spectrum showing a series of lines separated by black areas each line represents a definite wavelength or frequency.

A line spectrum shows distinct frequencies or wavelengths of light

48
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged particle that is one of the basic structures in the nucleus of an atom

49
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged particle that is one of the basic structures in the nucleus of an atom

50
Q

Neutron

A

A particle with no electrical charge that is one of the basic structures in the nucleus of an atom

51
Q

Nucleus

A

The core of an atom containing the protons and neutrons

52
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, each element has its own unique atomic number.

53
Q

Electron orbital

A

The path of electrons as they move around the nuclei of atoms each orbital is associated with a particular electronic energy level

54
Q

Excited state

A

The state in which an atom absorbs energy and an electron. Oves from. Lower to a higher energy level

55
Q

Atomic mass

A

The sum of the Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

56
Q

Isotope

A

An atom differing from another atom of the same element in the number of neutrons in its nucleus

57
Q

Alpha particle

A

A type of radiation emitted by a radioactive element e radiation is composed of helium atoms minus their orbiting electrons

58
Q

Radio activity

A

The particle and or gamma ray radiation emitter by an unstable nucleus or isotopes

59
Q

Beta particle

A

A type of radiation emitted by a radioactive element the radiation consists of electrons

60
Q

Gamma ray

A

A high energy form of electromagnetic radiation emmited by a radioactive element.

61
Q

X-ray diffraction

A

An analytical technique for identifying crystalline materials

62
Q

Virtual image

A

An image that cannot be seen directly . It can be seen only by a viewer looking through the lens

63
Q

Real image

A

An image formed by the actual convergence of light rays on a screen

64
Q

Objective lens

A

The lower lens of a microscope, which is positioned directly over the specimen

65
Q

Eyepiece lens

A

The lens of a microscope into which the viewer looks; same as the ocular lens

66
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs

67
Q

Physical dependence

A

Physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by regular use. Dependence is characterized by withdrawal sickness when administrated of the drug is abruptly stopped.

68
Q

Narcotic

A

An analgesic or painkilling substance that depresses vital body functions such a blood pressure, plus rate, & breathing rate; regular administration of narcotics produce physical dependence.

forensic science (3 decks)

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