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CRJU211 > Forensic Science > Flashcards

Forensic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the one to systematise the crime scene?

A

Hans Gross

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2
Q

What was an important role of systematising a crime scene?

A

To suspend the crime scene in space and time, by recording everything systematically.

And would methodically excavated for physical evidence.

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3
Q

What did Gross say would need to be done at a crime scene?

A

Preserve absolute calm

Exclude everything that happened after the crime

Do not touch or move anything

Treat the scene like an open ended puzzle

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4
Q

What were the important aspects of Gross’ crime scene reports?

A

Primitive drawings to register the space

Using reference points found by using a compass

This would help to reveal the puzzle of the crime scene while at the lab

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5
Q

When was the first police lab established and by who?

A

1912 by Edmond Locard

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6
Q

What was the main tool used for analysis in Locards lab?

A

The microscope.

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7
Q

True or False?

A microscope can be used to compare fibres and hairs?

A

True! This was important with John Glaisters career.

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8
Q

What is a way to prevent locards law contamination of the crime scene?

A

Using PPE like non-static, non-fibre attracting overalls, head coverings, and gloves

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9
Q

What are some preliminary matters of effectively investigating a crime scene?

A

Investigate briefly and secure scene, note all conditions, report fully and accurately.

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10
Q

True or False?

Not everyone who enters the crime scene needs to be noted down

A

False! Make sure you know everyone who is there and have everyone’s fingerprints.

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11
Q

What is the process of a crime scene investigation?

A

Scene survey and evidence recognition

Scene searches

Documentation

Collect evidence and preserve it

Release of scene

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12
Q

What are the three methods of crime scene search strategies?

A

Spiral

Grid

Line

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13
Q

What are important aspects of documentation of a crime scene?

A

Accurate detailed notes

Diagrams, dated and signed

Photographs

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14
Q

What are the important steps for collecting samples?

A

Prevent contamination

Label and with person who collected and who is going to use it

Seal

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15
Q

What are some examples for physical samples?

A

Blood,
Firearms,
Saliva,
Fibres,

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16
Q

What are some examples of impressions and photos?

A

footprints both in person and photos of it

And same with tyre prints

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17
Q

When can the crime scene be released?

A

Once diagrams and photos have been taken.

After sampling has been done also.

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18
Q

What is luminol and how does it work?

A

It is used to illuminate invisible blood stains, the luminol will light up under UV light to show a stain of blood.

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of chromatography and what are they used for?

A

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) - to test dyes and the compounds of dyes.

HPLC - Test for drugs of abuse

GLC - Testing for fire accelerants (Just an example)

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20
Q

What is mass spectrometry?

A

This is a detector which can be attached to HPLC and GLC machines to give specific readings of compounds

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21
Q

How does TLC work?

A

The dye is put onto a TLC plate, into a little amount of solvent with wet filter paper inside a sealed container. Then you would mark where the mobile phase got up to. (Solvent going up the plate).
You would then shine a UV light on the plate to see the spread of ink compounds and compare.

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22
Q

How does HPLC work?

A

The sample is put into the HPLC machine which a pump pushes through a column, where there are absorbent particle which separate out the compounds, a detector will then show a graph onto a screen showing these compounds.

A mass spectrometer can also be attached to this.

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23
Q

How do you extract drugs to be put into a HPLC machine?

A

Get a liver/stomach sample, homogenise it, put it in a solvent and extract the compounds by heating the solvent and then you can put the sample into an HPLC machine.

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24
Q

How does GLC work?

A

Once a sample is put into the GLC machine an oven will heat up the compounds and separate them out, then the detector will show the compounds in a graph.

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25
Q

What do forensic biologists focus on?

A

Physical evidence - pollen, algae, diatoms, coccoliths.

Species identification

Blood

Insects

DNA

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26
Q

What is a diatom?

A

It is a type of algae found in water mostly, each part of water will have a unique make up of diatoms so you can find where a body has been.

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27
Q

True or False?

To find out if a body has drowned or dumped into water you can check for water and diatoms in the lungs

A

True! Water will be more prevalent in the lungs if a body has drowned and can see where this happened if there are diatoms.

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28
Q

How can pollen be used in a case?

A

It can be found on clothes, hair, skin, this can help to determine a place someone has been depending on how common that plant pollen is.

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29
Q

True or False?

When examining shoes a scientist wouldn’t look at the plant debris

A

False! That can show where someone has been, also dependant on how common those type of plants are

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30
Q

What is the importance of identifying species of a sample?

A

To determine if it is a person or an animal

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31
Q

What is a non DNA test that can be used to test species?

A

Agglutination - (a test where if the species matches it will dissolve the sample)

32
Q

What is the use for blood types?

A

Used to be more important, but can help identify if someone has the same blood type if DNA cannot be used. The agglutination test is used for this

33
Q

How are semen stains found on clothing?

A

Similar to luminol with blood, 1-naphthylphosphoric acid + Brentamine is used, put wet filter paper on garment and draw the garment where it is. Spray this on where a stain is believed to be. The semen will react with this and show up purple.

34
Q

How can flies be used in forensic science?

A

Can help determine the time of death of a body, the life cycle of the larvae is looked at and is relatively accurate.

35
Q

True or False?

Flies will find a body 30 mins after death

A

True!

36
Q

Who discovered the double helix?

A

Francis Crick 1953

37
Q

What are the two types of DNA focused on in forensic science?

A

Introns - non coding DNA susceptible to mutations

Exons - coding DNA which does not mutate

38
Q

True or False?

Intron mutations are repaired

A

False! They are not repaired and this is what makes an individual different from everyone else

39
Q

Where can DNA be taken from?

A

Hair skin cells, skin, blood, semen, saliva.

40
Q

How is DNA tested in forensic examinations?

A

1) Get the sample, isolate the DNA
2) Amplify specific parts of DNA
3) Analyse the DNA fragments
4) Compare where needed

41
Q

True or False?

DNA is only found in white blood cells not red blood cells

A

True! Red blood cells have no mitochondria or DNA

42
Q

What are the odds of two people having the same DNA

A

1:575,000,000,000,000

More than the population, meaning that it can be safely stated that everyone has individual DNA.

43
Q

What does plant debris in the stomach contents mean?

A

It can be used to establish what the last meal of the victim might have been.

44
Q

True or False?

Can temperature be used to determine the time of death

A

True!

45
Q

What is forensic microbiology?

A

The look at transfer of bacteria can be used to link to a body or crime scene

46
Q

True or False?

DNA is unique to an individual

A

True!

47
Q

How is DNA presented to be compared?

A

Gel electrophoresis is used on the DNA fragments which separates out the structure.

48
Q

What is the importance of fingerprints in a case?

A

Can help link a suspect to a place or an object

49
Q

True or False?

Each person has unique fingerprints

A

True!

50
Q

How are fingerprints investigated?

A

Specific structures are given number values and are examined these are then put into a equation which can be solved to give a numerical value to a fingerprint.

51
Q

How are invisible fingerprints discovered?

A

Using special techniques such as dusting or a spray that reacts with the proteins in sweat.

52
Q

What is the importance of forensic toxicology?

A

It can help decide if there was a poisoning or drugs or substances were used in a case

53
Q

What would pills in the stomach contents suggest?

A

Someone has taken a drug, to investigate if they have overdosed you can check the liver and or blood levels of the drug.

54
Q

If you find drugs in the liver of someone how would you determine the importance of that data

A

Compare the level to normal use of the drug if it is a common drug and compare to the overdose levels to see if that could be a cause of death.

55
Q

True or False?

Toxic chemicals can be found in the soil around a body after the decay period starts

A

True! Maggots and bacteria can also breakdown chemicals

56
Q

How is an autopsy carried out?

A

1) External examination to check the body for any damage
2) Internal examination checking the organs for damage or disease
3) Microsopial and histopathology
4) Checking the blood chemicals and drug analysis

57
Q

What can an external examination of the body tell us?

A

Can be used to compare wounds to objects or circumstances e.g knife wounds to a weapon or bruises to a punch or kick.

58
Q

What can an internal examination of the body tell us?

A

Any damage done to the organs which can help determine a cause of death

59
Q

What is histopathology?

A

The history of the organs compared to the current state and what they should be looking like if they are healthy

60
Q

What is the importance of a wound in relation to firearms investigation?

A

The wound can be related back to the caliber of the gun and the type of bullet

61
Q

How can a bullet be investigated?

A

Serial numbers for ammo, relate the bullet to the caliber of gun and can relate it back to a specific gun barrel from the marking patterns from the rifling and inconsistencies in the barrel

62
Q

True or False?

Gunshot residue can be investigated

A

True! It can show how close someone was to a gun going off and can maybe say who has shot the gun

63
Q

As bacteria and maggots can breakdown chemicals from the body (Toxicology)
What would you look for?

A

You would test for the breakdown chemical products.

64
Q

How do you test histology?

A

You get slices of an organ and check it under a microscope and you put a chemical in it to see damage

65
Q

What is the internal post-mortem process?

A

Check the anatomy - if it looks normal

Histology - get sample and look under microscope and do biochemical tests

Compare - to normal standards

Then can go into drug investigation

66
Q

How can you test for drugs in hair?

A

Get the hair sample

Solvent extract

Put into HPLC machine

67
Q

What are the main goals of a forensic document examiner?

A

Establish authenticity

Expose forgery

Identify handwriting

Write reports

68
Q

True or False?

You can compare and examine peoples hand writing

A

True this is to check if they are the ones who has written something

69
Q

How can ink be tested in document examination?

A

By using thin layer chromatography.

70
Q

True or False?

Inks will look different under different wavelengths of light

A

True! By shining different wavelengths of light you can make different inks visible

71
Q

What is the main goal of document examination?

A

It is to check authenticity of documents and note any changes to documents

72
Q

In document examination can you check for indentation on another page?

A

Yes this can help to see if a document was tampered with

73
Q

What is the main goal of a forensic psychologist?

A

They look at criminal profiling, and risk assessment

74
Q

How is headspace analysis used in GLC?

A

You get an object with a potential accelerant on it e.g a rag with kerosene, you heat it up and get the gas that is a result.

75
Q

How does electrostatic detection work and what is it used for?

A

It is used to detect impressions in paper. Checks the charge difference between the flat and impressed paper.

76
Q

How does a mass spectrometer work?

A

Compounds are put into a vacuum and are then bombarded with either electrons or ions to break down the compounds and show the data onto a graph.

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