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Forensic Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Eye witness reliability

A

The degree to which the information provided by an eye witness is reflective of the perceived event

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2
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The scientific study of internal mental processes and includes all of the things that go on inside the brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem solving and learning

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3
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The scientific study of internal mental processes and includes all of the things that go on inside the brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem solving and learning

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4
Q

Sensory memory

A

The very short duration for which sense based information is held post exposure

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5
Q

Short term memory

A

The limited amount of information which can be stored without rehearsal for a short duration

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6
Q

Long term memory

A

The almost unlimited amount of information which can be stored over a lifetime with rehearsal

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7
Q

Recognition

A

The ability to elicit stored material through the use of a cue e.g line up

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8
Q

Recall

A

The ability to elicit stored material without externally providing any type of cue e.g description

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9
Q

System variables

A

The factors impacting eyewitness reliability that the formal justice system can control

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10
Q

Estimator variables

A

The factors impacting eyewitness reliability that the criminal justice system cannot control and therefore can only estimate the levels of impact they have

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11
Q

Sequential line up

A

The photos are presented one at a time

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12
Q

Simultaneous line up

A

The photos are all presented at once

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13
Q

Questioning

A

Goal is to encourage the person to provide you with reliable info related to an alleged offence

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14
Q

Interviewing

A

Goal is to encourage the person to provide you with confirmation of known elements of alleged offence in a formal setting

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15
Q

Interrogation

A

Goal is to acquire a confession from an individual regarding an alleged offence

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16
Q

Standard vs non standard speech style

A

Refers to the degree to which an individual employs non-normative words and phrases

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17
Q

Direct and indirect speech

A

Refers to the degree to which an individual is explicit in their communication

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18
Q

Powerful vs non powerful speech

A

Refers to the degree to which and individual speaks with authority

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19
Q

Tag questions

A

Inclusion of a question at the end of a statement

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20
Q

Intensifiers

A

Inclusion of words or phrases that over emphasise the statement

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21
Q

hedges

A

Inclusion of words or phrases that indicate a level of being unsure

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22
Q

Perceptual set

A

Suggests that a targets perception of a communication will be impacted by their current mindset

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23
Q

Cognitive overload

A

Suggests that a targets perception of a communication will be negatively impacted if they are cognitively over taxed

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24
Q

Paralanguage

A

Non verbal cues of the voice

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25
Oculesics (eye contact)
Generally revolves around length and intensity of contact which may be used to control conversation, express emotion and indicate honesty
26
Oculesics (eye contact)
Generally revolves around length and intensity of contact which may be used to control conversation, express emotion and indicate honesty
27
Kinesics (body language)
Non verbal body movements that express meaning
28
Facial expression (ekman)
Anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness and sadness
29
Gestures
Specific sign or motions used to enhance communication
30
Emblems
Substitute for words and phrases
31
Illustrators
Accompany and reinforce verbal messages
32
Affect displays
Indicate emotional meaning
33
Regulators
Assist in controlling conversation/interaction
34
Intimate distance
Indicates a very high level of comfort and trust with the person (15-45cm)
35
Personal space
Indicates a moderate level of trust and comfort with the person (46-100cm)
36
Social distance
Indicates a professional level of interaction (1-4 meters)
37
Public distance
Indicates a formal level of interaction, including objectivity (4-8 meters)
38
Haptics (positive)
Contact meant to convey approval
39
Haptics (negative)
Contact meant to convey disapproval
40
Haptics (control)
Contact meant to establish or maintain dominance
41
Haptics (playful)
Contact meant to convey fun
42
Haptics (ritualistic)
Contact initiated as part of a social convention e.g handshake
43
Haptics (task related)
Contact related to the successful completion of an objective
44
Forensic challenges
Deception Lack of motivation Self monitoring Accurate and quick profilers Effective actors Willing and motivated
45
Defendants competence to stand trial (legal standard)
Whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with their legal representative with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and whether they have a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against them
46
Defendants competence to stand trial (psychological aspects)
The basic concepts related to the trial e.g truth The roles of the main actors in the trial Their legal/ constitutional rights Factual understanding of the proceedings against them
47
Defendants competence to stand trial
Legal standard Psychological aspects Malingering Tests/assessments Competency of children to testify
48
5 step survey process
1. Reliable base rate sample - sample of eligible jurors from the community of interest 2. Reliable comparative sample - sample of eligible jurors from a similar community 3.questions 4. Analysis 5. Evidence
49
Challenge for cause
Removal of a juror based on proof or demonstration of a bias that would impede their ability to be objective
50
Peremptory challenges
Removal of a juror with no bias for dismissal required
51
The venire process
Identification of potential jurors
52
Input biases
Vividness Negativity Primacy
53
Processing biases
Representative heuristic Illusory correlation Framing
54
Output biases
Response bias Functional fixedness
55
Attributions of causality (primary attribution)
When deciding on the cause for the behaviour of the others who we do not know very well, we have a tendency to make an immediate disposition all or situational judgment
56
Attributions of causality (fundamental attribution error)
When deciding in on the cause for the negative behaviour of other we have a tendency over emphasise dispositional factors and under emphasise situational factors
57
Attributions of causality (actor/observer bias)
When deciding on the cause for the new behaviour of ourselves and others, we have a tendency to view our negative behaviours as situational and our positive behaviours as dispositional which eroding the opposite for others
58
Heart vs head strategy
Tier of fact Level of emotional content in trial Jury demographic Defendant/Viti appeal
59
Attorney tactics
Vivid language Repetition Loaded questions Subtle shifts in wording Definitional tactics Establishing and disrupting connections in the stories being told
60
Individual deterrence
Goal is to stop the specific individual from engaging in the same offending behaviour
61
General deterrence
Goal is to stop similar other from engaging in a similar offending behaviour
62
Incapacitation
Goal is to stop the specific individual from engaging in all offending behaviour by placing them in a secure environment
63
Retribution
Goal is to take something of equal value from the offending individual
64
Rehabilitation
Foal is to try and change the individual so they no longer wish to engage in offending behaviour
65
Moral outrage
Goal is to provide society with a way to vent their frustration, anger and/or outrage at being victimised
66
Types of Post-Conviction Assessments ( placement)
To establish the environment and type of service that best reflects the needs of society and the needs of the offender
67
Types of Post-Conviction Assessments (dangerousness)
To establish how much of the danger the offender is to both himself and others
68
Types of Post-Conviction Assessments
Place to Dangerousness Competence to execute
69
Placement: criminogenic needs
1. Level of risk of reoffending 2. Sentencing placement decisions 3. Case management information
70
Placement: criminogenic needs ( risk of reoffending)
Criminal history Drug and alcohol use Friends and family Recreation and leisure Employment Education Antisocial attitudes Antisocial personality traits
71
Placement and rehabilitation challenges
Resourcing Time Clients
72
Dangerousness of an offender
Narcissism Impulsive violence Reactive anger Lack of empathy Lack of conscience Machiavellian is
73
Pre 1450 possession by demons era
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to the physical possession by a demon Response - removal of the demon
74
1450- 1750 possession by the devil era
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to the spiritual possession by the devil Response - encourage the devil to leave the person
75
1750 to 1800 biological abnormality and proportional responses era
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to some biological cause Response - crude biological responses
76
1800 to 1850 institutionalisation era
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to some uncontrollable cause Response - separation and institutionalisation
77
1850 to 1900 medical (biological) era
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be sue to a medical problem Response - operations and medications
78
1900 to 1930 psychoanalytic era (Freud)
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to early childhood conflicts and unconscious impulses Response - intensive individual therapy
79
1930 to 1950 behavioural ear (skinner)
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to learning Response - behaviourally based treatments -aversion therapy -systematic desensitisation -behavioural modification programs
80
Aversion therapy
Behavioural technique in which the individual is exposed to the stimulus of the interest while forced to experience and unpleasant sensation in order to stop the behaviour
81
Systematic desensitisation
Behavioural technique in which the individual is gradually exposed to increasing levels of anxiety provoking stimuli as it is associated with a calming influence
82
Behavioural modification programs
Behavioural technique in which positive behaviours are encouraged through the implementation of a schedule of reinforcement
83
1950 to 1980 humanistic era (rogers)
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to the need for people to self actualise Response - group therapy aimed at impacting empathy, unconditional acceptance and genuineness
84
1980 to today cognitive era (Kelly)
Cause - abnormal behaviour believed to be due to faulty thinking styles Response - alteration of thinking styles
85
Locus of control
The degree to which you believe that you control your fate or destiny
86
Alternative correctional programs
Offence based units Faith based units Culture based units

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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