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forensics exam > forensic exam > Flashcards

forensic exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is forensic palynology?

A

study of pollen and spores

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2
Q

What is a spore?

A

asexual reproductive structure
found in algae, plants and fungi

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3
Q

Q: How can forensic palynology help in an investigation?

A

reveal location
where the person might have been season or time of year

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4
Q

How are pollen and spores identified?

A

morphology using light microscopy or scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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5
Q

What is the significance of ridge patterns in fingerprint analysis?

A

The primary ridge patterns are loops, whorls, and arches.
each persons fingerprint is different.

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6
Q

How does touch DNA demonstrate Locard’s Principle of Exchange?

A

whenever a person comes into contact with an object or surface, they leave behind trace evidence (such as skin cells, hair, or DNA)

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7
Q

Why is it better to focus on non-coding DNA in forensic DNA analysis?

A
  • highly variable between people
  • does not affect bodily functions
  • provides unique markers that can be used to differentiate between individuals.
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8
Q

Describe the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication.

A

enzyme that creates new DNA strands by adding matching nucleotides to the template strand during replication.

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9
Q

What is the function of the promoter region in a gene?

A

The promoter is a DNA sequence that signals where transcription begins, allowing RNA polymerase to start making mRNA from the DNA template.

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10
Q

What is the role of DNA methylation in gene expression?

A
  • DNA methylation adds methyl groups to DNA, at cytosine bases.
  • This can stop genes from being activated by blocking transcription factors (silencing the gene)
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
why do symptoms occur?

A

headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, shortness of breath, sometimes loss of consciousness or death.
occurs because carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport.

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12
Q

Describe first stage of decomposition

A

fresh; begins at death
files start to arrive
temp falls
breakdown of molecules

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13
Q

Describe stage 2 of decomposition

A

Bloated: Gases from bacteria cause swelling. Fluids ooze, and flies continue to arrive.

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14
Q

Describe stage 3 of decomposition

A

Decay: Gases subside, and fluids leak out. Maggots break skin, larvae pupate.
The body shrinks to 20% of its mass.

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15
Q

Describe stage 4 of decomposition

A

Post Decay: Only skin, hair, bones, and teeth remain. Flies are replaced by beetles and mites.

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16
Q

Describe stage 5 of decomposition

A

Skeletal: In dry conditions, only bones and teeth remain, about 10% of the original body mass.

17
Q

How can forensic anthropology be used to estimate the age of a deceased individual?

A

skeletal remains
wear of teeth
fusion of bones
condition of the pubic symphysis.

18
Q

What is livor mortis?

A

Livor mortis is pooling of blood in the lowest parts of the body due to gravity after death.

19
Q

During livor mortis, where would we expect to find lividity in a hanging death?

A

lower extremities and the upper body
blood pools below the constriction point (e.g., the neck).

20
Q

what does A always pair with?

A

always with T

21
Q

what does C always pair with?

A

always with G

22
Q

two types of DNA?

A

nuclear & mitochondrial

23
Q

what cells have no nucleus and no mitochondria?

A

red blood cells

24
Q

what cells have cell nucleus and many mitocondria?

A

cheek cells & sperm cells

25
Q

what is the SRY gene

A

located in Y chromosome
responsible for instructing embryo to become male

26
Q

Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs)

A

50-1000 repeats of 15-100 nucelotides

27
Q

short tandem repeats STRs

A

5-50 repeats of 2-5 nucleotide long sequences

28
Q

do VNTRs & STRs numbers vary among people?

A

yes

29
Q

what is Gel Electrophoresis?

A

lab technique that carries DNA fragments through a gel using electricity.

30
Q

what does HETEROzygous mean?

A

the two alleles are different (eg. 15,19)

31
Q

what does HOMOzygous mean?

A

the same allele (eg. 15,15)

32
Q

what are the first species on corpse tissue?

A

blowflies and flesh flies

33
Q

factors affecting oviposition & egg development

A

temperature lower than 10 degrees
wind
sunlight/shade
rainfall
do not lay eggs at night

forensics exam (2 decks)

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