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Forensic Psychology > Forensic > Flashcards

Forensic Flashcards

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1
Q

What memories are witnesses asked to recall during eyewitness testimony?

A

Episodic memories

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2
Q

What is the innocence project?

A

Organisation dedicated to exonerating wrongful convictions

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of wrongful convictions?

A

Eyewitness misidentification.

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4
Q

Three stages of memory processing in relation to forensic psychology

A

Acquisition/Encoding
Storage/Retention
Testimony/Retrieval

Errors can occur at each stage

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5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Is DATA-DRIVEN and begins with the image that falls on the retina. build from individual stimulus to unified perception.

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6
Q

Top-down processing

A

Sensory info is interpreted in light of/influenced by prior knowledge. (contextual)

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7
Q

Schemas

A

A mental framework/body of knowledge that helps us make sense of familiar situations.

(guide expectations of people/objects/events)

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8
Q

schema therory

A

We remember itens better if they fit in with our scheme/prev. experience.

can be errors

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9
Q

The ebbinghaus curve

A

Shows the inverse relationship b/t memory and retention.

memories distorted over time (e.g OJ simpson verdict)

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10
Q

encoding specificity

A

link b/t encoding and retrieval

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11
Q

Goddon and Baddeley

A

Reinstating context of encoding helped memory.

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12
Q

2 Types of retrieval

A

Recall

Recognition (e.g identification parade)

People recognise better than recall.

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13
Q

Non optimal interview strategy

A

interrupt, over-talking, suggestive/leading questions.

encourages ineffective retrieval attempts

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14
Q

Confirmatory bias

A

Police may have preconceived beliefs which effects the way they interview

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15
Q

Mental context reinstatement

A

Witness encouraged to recall the context of the event

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16
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Mental context reinstatement

Report everything

Reverse order

Change perspectives

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17
Q

Fisher and Geiselman

A

The enhanced cognitive interview- encorporate communication and cognitive techniques.

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18
Q

Who created the 7 deadly sins of memory

A

Schachter (2001)

Transience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
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19
Q

Forgetting where you placed your keys is an example of…

A

Absent mindedness.

older adults more absent minded than young

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20
Q

Attention is involved in the ___ stage

A

encoding

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21
Q

Forgetting a phone number is an example of…

A

Transience.

Phonological loop must be implicated in transience

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22
Q

Unable to recall a word is an example of…

A

Blocking

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23
Q

Memories attributed to the wrong source is known as…

A

Misattribution

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24
Q

What kind of memories serve us well?

A

Give false memories of neg experience with unhealthy foods

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25
Accuracy of open vs closed questions (with children)
Open q's more accurate with children. Open less effective with pre-schoolers.
26
Free recall (questioning children)
Free recall gave no false information. | however info is often limited
27
Nonsensical questions
When child is asked a closed q, they think they should know the answer and guess. With open questions, they answer 'i dont know'
28
Repeated questioning
Younger children change response with closed questions
29
Three types of suggestibility
1) Interrogative suggestibility (e.g interview bias) (gudjonsson) 2) Misinformation effects 3) Autosuggestion (reading)
30
Vacant slot hypothesis
Suggested info inserted in to gap in memory
31
Co-existence hypothesis
Both accurate and suggested memory available. But false memory is more recent
32
The demand characteristics/social compliance hypothesis
The 'false' memory is the 'required' one. | Why would an adult lie,
33
The substitution hypothesis
Post event info replaces/distorts original memory
34
Response bias
Misleading information, so witness chooses wrong response
35
Source monitoring hypothesis
Child has difficulty identifying source.
36
Goodman and Ruby
7y/o more accurate than 4y/o on all questions EXCEPT misleading ones that implied abuse
37
Henderso, Bruce, Burton
CCTV matching to mugshots is not accurate. Unfamiliar faces hard to match (even good quality images)
38
Memory for actions is ___ than of faces
Higher/better
39
Confession
Formal admission of guilt given freely
40
Innocence project
25% Wrongful convictions identified using DNA involved a false confession.
41
PACE act 1984
Tape recording of interviews. | Safe guards laid down for interviewing those with mental health issues.
42
The birmingham 6 case
6 men falsely accused of bombing pub.
43
royal commission on criminal justice
scrutinise the operation of the criminal justice system
44
Gudjonsson
Psychological characteristics. Mental illness/low intellect more likely to give unreliable confessions.
45
Stephenson & Moston
Detectives were sure of guilt before interview. Use of interrogations as evidence/addition evidence. Confirmation bias.
46
Two sub-types of coerced confession
Coerced-compliant false confessions. Coerced-internalised false confessions.
47
Two types of false confession
Voluntary | Coerced
48
Kassin & Kiechal
False confessions in laboratory studies
49
Vrig
Qualities that make a good liar
50
Detecting deceit
Statement Validity Assessment (SVA)
51
3 stages of SVA
Interview CBCA (by forensic psychologist) Check against validity checklist of standard questions.
52
The jury system
12 people 2 hours for unanimous verdict. 2+ hours, 10-2 majority will be accepted If 10-2 not reached = hung jury The foreman (spokesman)
53
Juries are used for cases where the accused pleads ___
not guitly
54
Witness confidence infers...
Accuracy
55
Penrod & Cutler
Jurors 'over believe' eye witness testimony
56
Dual process theory (Eagly & Chaiken)
Systematic processing Heuristic processing (used when evidence is complex, more persuaded by expert witness)
57
Mazella & Feingold
Meta analysis Defendants dealt more harshly when their crime is stereotypical of their race
58
Crime survery includes...
NOT reported crimes as well. better indication of violent/sexual crimes
59
Moffit: 3 groups of offenders?
Adolescence-limited (b/t teen and adult) Life course persistent (peer influences not necessary) Abstainers (never become offenders)
60
Primary and secondary anti-socials
Primary- drug use followed by criminal behavior (male, more violent, antisocial) Secondary- drug use before criminal behavior
61
development of violent offendors
Distal antecedents --> Early indicators --> Developmental processes --> Maintenance
62
There has been a steady ____ of threat of sexual attacks
Decrease
63
Approaches to the assessment of offenders?
Self report (e.g. questionaire) Objective measures (e.g. cognitive tasks) Observational methods (e.g. CCTV, confederates)
64
Objective cognitive task examples
Emotional stroop Dot-probe
65
Example of an assessment of violent risk
HCR-20
66
Example of an assessment for sexual violence risk
SVR-20
67
Ainsworth reasons why prison is not effective
95% who commit a crime are not convicted Those convicted, go to prison months after crime was commited, does not work in behaviourist terms

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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