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Forensic Psychology > Forensic > Flashcards

Forensic Flashcards

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1
Q

What memories are witnesses asked to recall during eyewitness testimony?

A

Episodic memories

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2
Q

What is the innocence project?

A

Organisation dedicated to exonerating wrongful convictions

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of wrongful convictions?

A

Eyewitness misidentification.

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4
Q

Three stages of memory processing in relation to forensic psychology

A

Acquisition/Encoding
Storage/Retention
Testimony/Retrieval

Errors can occur at each stage

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5
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Is DATA-DRIVEN and begins with the image that falls on the retina. build from individual stimulus to unified perception.

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6
Q

Top-down processing

A

Sensory info is interpreted in light of/influenced by prior knowledge. (contextual)

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7
Q

Schemas

A

A mental framework/body of knowledge that helps us make sense of familiar situations.

(guide expectations of people/objects/events)

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8
Q

schema therory

A

We remember itens better if they fit in with our scheme/prev. experience.

can be errors

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9
Q

The ebbinghaus curve

A

Shows the inverse relationship b/t memory and retention.

memories distorted over time (e.g OJ simpson verdict)

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10
Q

encoding specificity

A

link b/t encoding and retrieval

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11
Q

Goddon and Baddeley

A

Reinstating context of encoding helped memory.

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12
Q

2 Types of retrieval

A

Recall

Recognition (e.g identification parade)

People recognise better than recall.

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13
Q

Non optimal interview strategy

A

interrupt, over-talking, suggestive/leading questions.

encourages ineffective retrieval attempts

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14
Q

Confirmatory bias

A

Police may have preconceived beliefs which effects the way they interview

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15
Q

Mental context reinstatement

A

Witness encouraged to recall the context of the event

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16
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Mental context reinstatement

Report everything

Reverse order

Change perspectives

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17
Q

Fisher and Geiselman

A

The enhanced cognitive interview- encorporate communication and cognitive techniques.

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18
Q

Who created the 7 deadly sins of memory

A

Schachter (2001)

Transience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
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19
Q

Forgetting where you placed your keys is an example of…

A

Absent mindedness.

older adults more absent minded than young

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20
Q

Attention is involved in the ___ stage

A

encoding

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21
Q

Forgetting a phone number is an example of…

A

Transience.

Phonological loop must be implicated in transience

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22
Q

Unable to recall a word is an example of…

A

Blocking

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23
Q

Memories attributed to the wrong source is known as…

A

Misattribution

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24
Q

What kind of memories serve us well?

A

Give false memories of neg experience with unhealthy foods

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25
Q

Accuracy of open vs closed questions (with children)

A

Open q’s more accurate with children.

Open less effective with pre-schoolers.

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26
Q

Free recall (questioning children)

A

Free recall gave no false information.

however info is often limited

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27
Q

Nonsensical questions

A

When child is asked a closed q, they think they should know the answer and guess.
With open questions, they answer ‘i dont know’

28
Q

Repeated questioning

A

Younger children change response with closed questions

29
Q

Three types of suggestibility

A

1) Interrogative suggestibility (e.g interview bias) (gudjonsson)
2) Misinformation effects
3) Autosuggestion (reading)

30
Q

Vacant slot hypothesis

A

Suggested info inserted in to gap in memory

31
Q

Co-existence hypothesis

A

Both accurate and suggested memory available. But false memory is more recent

32
Q

The demand characteristics/social compliance hypothesis

A

The ‘false’ memory is the ‘required’ one.

Why would an adult lie,

33
Q

The substitution hypothesis

A

Post event info replaces/distorts original memory

34
Q

Response bias

A

Misleading information, so witness chooses wrong response

35
Q

Source monitoring hypothesis

A

Child has difficulty identifying source.

36
Q

Goodman and Ruby

A

7y/o more accurate than 4y/o on all questions EXCEPT misleading ones that implied abuse

37
Q

Henderso, Bruce, Burton

A

CCTV matching to mugshots is not accurate. Unfamiliar faces hard to match (even good quality images)

38
Q

Memory for actions is ___ than of faces

A

Higher/better

39
Q

Confession

A

Formal admission of guilt given freely

40
Q

Innocence project

A

25% Wrongful convictions identified using DNA involved a false confession.

41
Q

PACE act 1984

A

Tape recording of interviews.

Safe guards laid down for interviewing those with mental health issues.

42
Q

The birmingham 6 case

A

6 men falsely accused of bombing pub.

43
Q

royal commission on criminal justice

A

scrutinise the operation of the criminal justice system

44
Q

Gudjonsson

A

Psychological characteristics.

Mental illness/low intellect more likely to give unreliable confessions.

45
Q

Stephenson & Moston

A

Detectives were sure of guilt before interview.

Use of interrogations as evidence/addition evidence.

Confirmation bias.

46
Q

Two sub-types of coerced confession

A

Coerced-compliant false confessions.

Coerced-internalised false confessions.

47
Q

Two types of false confession

A

Voluntary

Coerced

48
Q

Kassin & Kiechal

A

False confessions in laboratory studies

49
Q

Vrig

A

Qualities that make a good liar

50
Q

Detecting deceit

A

Statement Validity Assessment (SVA)

51
Q

3 stages of SVA

A

Interview

CBCA (by forensic psychologist)

Check against validity checklist of standard questions.

52
Q

The jury system

A

12 people

2 hours for unanimous verdict.

2+ hours, 10-2 majority will be accepted

If 10-2 not reached = hung jury

The foreman (spokesman)

53
Q

Juries are used for cases where the accused pleads ___

A

not guitly

54
Q

Witness confidence infers…

A

Accuracy

55
Q

Penrod & Cutler

A

Jurors ‘over believe’ eye witness testimony

56
Q

Dual process theory (Eagly & Chaiken)

A

Systematic processing

Heuristic processing (used when evidence is complex, more persuaded by expert witness)

57
Q

Mazella & Feingold

A

Meta analysis

Defendants dealt more harshly when their crime is stereotypical of their race

58
Q

Crime survery includes…

A

NOT reported crimes as well.

better indication of violent/sexual crimes

59
Q

Moffit: 3 groups of offenders?

A

Adolescence-limited (b/t teen and adult)

Life course persistent (peer influences not necessary)

Abstainers (never become offenders)

60
Q

Primary and secondary anti-socials

A

Primary- drug use followed by criminal behavior (male, more violent, antisocial)

Secondary- drug use before criminal behavior

61
Q

development of violent offendors

A

Distal antecedents –> Early indicators –> Developmental processes –> Maintenance

62
Q

There has been a steady ____ of threat of sexual attacks

A

Decrease

63
Q

Approaches to the assessment of offenders?

A

Self report (e.g. questionaire)

Objective measures (e.g. cognitive tasks)

Observational methods (e.g. CCTV, confederates)

64
Q

Objective cognitive task examples

A

Emotional stroop

Dot-probe

65
Q

Example of an assessment of violent risk

A

HCR-20

66
Q

Example of an assessment for sexual violence risk

A

SVR-20

67
Q

Ainsworth reasons why prison is not effective

A

95% who commit a crime are not convicted

Those convicted, go to prison months after crime was commited, does not work in behaviourist terms

Forensic Psychology (1 decks)

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