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Year 4 - Toxicology > Forensic 3 > Flashcards

Forensic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is PCP?

A
  • phencyclidine

- phenylcyclohexylpiperidine

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2
Q

What does PCP cause?

A

dissociative anaesthetic with hallucinogenic properties (they won’t know the extent of pain that is happening to them)

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3
Q

PCP was first developed as ?

A
  • an IV anesthetic for humans
  • d/c due to undesirable side effects (convulsions, hallucinations, psychotic behaviour)
  • patented as a vet anaesthetic and tranquilizer in 1968
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4
Q

how is PCP absorbed?

A

through intact skin so ppl who take down labs have to be really careful

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5
Q

some street names for PCP

A
  • kools
  • super weed
  • angel dust
  • monkey dust
  • elephant tranquilizer
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6
Q

most common method of ingestion for PCP

A

smoked

“sherman’s cigarette”

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7
Q

describe PCP smoke

A
  • very very hot and irritating to mouth and throat

- that’s why they mix with menthol or mint for cooling effect

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8
Q

other less common methods of ingestion for PCP

A
  • oral ingestion
  • injection
  • eye dropper
  • snorting or inhalation
  • through the skin
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9
Q

desired effects of PCP

A
  • intense euphoria
  • hallucinations
  • relaxation
  • dissociation from the environment
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10
Q

onset, peak, and duration of PCP

A

onset: 1-5 min if smoked (30-60 min if orally ingested)
peak: 15-30 min
duration: 4-6 hours or longer

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11
Q

other effects of PCP

A
  • agitation, confusion
  • disorientation
  • increased pain threshold
  • elevated body temp and BP
  • moon walking
  • cyclic behaviour
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12
Q

Toxicity of PCP

A
  • delirium
  • hallucinations
  • convulsions
  • violent reactions
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13
Q

overdoses of PCP

A
  • deep coma
  • seizures
  • death is due to respiratory arrest and possibly cardiac arrest
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14
Q

PCP:

Tolerance?

A

yes

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15
Q

PCP:

what type of dependence?

A

ONLY psychological

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16
Q

PCP has structural similarities to what compounds?

A
  • ketamine

- dextromethorphan (DM)

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17
Q

What is GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)?

A

CNS depressant

*comes in a powder or liquid (odourless, salty tasting odorless liquid, a little thicker than water)

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18
Q

How was GHB used in the past?

A

used in combo with anaesthetic, experimental treatment for narcolepsy, alcohol withdrawal, etc. weight control and sedative drug

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19
Q

What was GHB recently approved for in Canada?

A

as an experimental drug for treatment of narcolepsy

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20
Q

GHB street names

A
  • easy lay
  • liquid ecstasy
  • liquid X
  • G
  • salt water
  • georgia home boy
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21
Q

how is GHB ingested

A

Orally:

  • capful of liquid
  • or powder mixed with water, carbonated beverage, or alcohol
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22
Q

Desired effects of GHB

A
  • relaxation
  • sense of well being
  • loss of social inhibitions

*similar to alcohol bc they are both CNS depressants

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23
Q

onset and duration of GHB

A

onset: 5-20 min
duration: 2-3 hours

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24
Q

how long is GHB detectable in blood and urine?

A

blood: 6 hours
urine: 12 hours

  • problem for law enforcement who are trying to detect it
  • short detection window so witnesses are very important
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25
Q

what are some other effects of GHB

A
  • amnesia
  • drowsiness
  • impaired judgment
  • slowed reaction time
  • slurred speech
  • loss of balance
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26
Q

what can happen at higher doses of GHB

A
  • loss of consciousness
  • slowed heart rate
  • seizures
  • decreased respiration
  • coma
  • death
27
Q

What is GHB

A

endogenous metabolite

it is a neurotransmitter

so when they identify it, they need to determine the amount to tell if it’s endogenous or exogenous level

28
Q

GHB can also be a product of ________ decomposition

A

postmortem

29
Q

What are some analogs of GHB that are also abused?

A

1,4 butanediol

gamma butyrolactone (GBL)

30
Q

What properties does cannabis have?

A

CNS depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

31
Q

What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?

A

delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

32
Q

What is Sinsemilla?

A

unfertilized female pot plants

female plants are better, produce high resin of THC

33
Q

Medical uses of cannabis?

A
  • anaesthetic
  • improve appetite
  • muscle spasms
  • epilepsy, asthma, arthritis
  • insomnia
  • menstrual cramps
  • antiemetic
  • management of glaucoma
34
Q

Describe Dronabinol

A

Synthetic trans (-) isomer of THC

Approved for:

  • nausea and vomiting due to cancer
  • anorexia and weight loss of AIDS

oral capsule

35
Q

Describe Nabilone

A

Synthetic chromenone derivative of THC

Approved for:

  • nausea/vomiting for cancer
  • anorexia and weight less of AIDS
36
Q

Describe Sativex

A

Natural THC and cannbidiol

Approved for:
-Tx of neuropathic pain and spasticity associated with MS

Comes as a spray (SL or side of cheek)

37
Q

what is Hash

A

dried and pressed resin

generally smoked in a bong or pipe - can be mixed into food

38
Q

Cannabis comes from what plant

A

cannabis sativa

39
Q

street names for cannabis

A
  • wacky weed
  • dope
  • grass
  • J
  • mary jane
40
Q

Methods of ingestion of cannabis?

A
  • smoking (joint, bong, blunt)

- oral ingestion (hash brownies), slower onset, slower absorption

41
Q

desired effects of cananbis

A
  • euphoria
  • general sense of well being
  • relaxation
  • loss of inhibitions
42
Q

what is the onset, peak and duration of cannabis

A

onset: 8-9 seconds (smoking)
peak: 10-30 seconds
duration: 2-3 hours

*much longer if orally ingested

43
Q

what are some other effects of cannabis?

A
  • distortion of time, space, body image
  • impairment of recent memory and concentration
  • mild confusion; disorientation
  • reduced attention span
  • reduced ability to process information
  • difficulty with balance
  • impaired ability to perform complex tasks
  • decreased muscle strength
  • spontaneous laughter
  • conjunctivitis
  • “munchies”
  • dry mouth
44
Q

describe toxic symptoms of cannabis

A
  • fearfulness
  • anxiety (more common in those who are first-time users, chronic high dose users or with oral ingestion)
  • mild paranoia
45
Q

Cannabis:

tolerance?

A

yes

46
Q

Cannabis:

dependence?

A

nope (neither dependence develops)

47
Q

THC is ___ soluble

A

fat

48
Q

What is heroin

A

diacetylmorphine

CNS depressant (narcotic analgesic)

49
Q

compare heroin to morphine in terms of potency

A

2-3 times more potent than morphine

50
Q

how do you produce heroin

A

treat morphine with acetic anhydrine

51
Q

heroin is a ________ opioid

A

semi-synthetic (bc it comes from morphine and morphine is natural alkaloid)

52
Q

street names for heroin

A
  • antifreeze
  • big H
  • brown sguar
  • horse
  • junk
  • smack
53
Q

methods of ingestion of heroin

A
  • injection
  • smoking
  • snorting

*some ppl use crack cocaine and then heroin - ok cool

54
Q

desired effects of heroin

A
  • euphoria
  • sense of well being
  • relief of pain
55
Q

onset and duration of heroin

A

onset:
- immediate for euphoria
- 15-30 min for other physical effects

duration: 3-6 hours for physical effects

56
Q

describe other effects of heroin

A

“on the nod”

  • semiconscious
  • droopy eyelids
  • head slumped forward, chin on chest
  • easily awakened
  • alert to questions
  • slowed reflexes
  • low, slow, raspy speech
  • facial itching
  • nausea
  • difficulty with urination
  • slow deliberate movements
57
Q

how will heroin affect pupils

A

CONSTRICT

PIN POINT

58
Q

toxicity of heroin

A
  • respiratory depression
  • coma
  • death
59
Q

what do we use to treat heroin OD

A

naloxone

60
Q

heroin:

tolerance?

A

yes

61
Q

heroin:

dependence?

A

yes - both psychological and physiological

62
Q

Describe the physiological dependence of heroin

A
  • withdrawal begins within 4-6 hours, peaks at 24-36 hours

- characterized by insomnia, vomiting, diarrhea, hot and cold flashes, weakness, and cold-like symptoms

63
Q

what drug is used to treat withdrawal?

A

methadone

64
Q

what are some interpretation challenges with heroin

A
  • heroin is not detected in body fluids
  • requires special extraction procedure (heroin is amphoteric, has both acidic and basic parts - requires extraction at exactly a pH of 8)
  • wide range of concentrations seen in deaths

Year 4 - Toxicology (24 decks)

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