forensic

Question 1

how is the bottom up approach used to create an offender profile

Answer 1

look at the crimes and the crime scene, compare to a database of likely characteristics

Question 2

what are some strengths of the bottom up approach

Answer 2

. supporting evidence, the railway rapist
. scientific
. wider applicability then the top down

Question 3

how is investigative psychology used in the bottoms up approach

Answer 3

used to create a statistical database which acts as a baseline comparison.
claims that a persons behavior during a crime can be reflected in their normal life, for example someone who leaves a neat crime scene may leave a neat house.

Question 4

how is geographical approach used in the bottoms up approach

Answer 4

uses information to do with linked crime scnes to make an inference about likely home or ‘base’ of an offender.

Question 5

name the key zones identified by geographical profiling

Answer 5

1. offenders home
2. buffer zone (no hunting, too close to home)
3. the hunting zone
4. distance decay, too far from home

Question 6

what are some weaknesses of the bottoms up approach

Answer 6

.research shows that only 3% of of cases where it was used did it lead to accurate identification

Question 7

what is differential association theory

Answer 7

we learn criminal behavior through socialization

Question 8

what are pro criminal attitudes

Answer 8

if a person is exposed to more pro criminal attitudes they’re more likely to offend

Question 9

how is a weak super ego formed and how does this effect criminal behavior

Answer 9

if a parent is absent during the phallic stage a child cannot internalize a fully formed super ego. this will make offending more likely

Question 10

how is a deviant super ego formed and whats its effect on offending

Answer 10

if a child internalises deviant behaviour from their parent they form a deviant super ego and will be more likely to commit crime

Question 11

how is the over-harsh super ego formed and whats it effect

Answer 11

if a child is overly punished they will develop an over-harsh super ego and will perform criminal acts to satisfy their need for punishment.

Question 12

how does changes in the prefrontal cortex effect a persons likeliness to offend

Answer 12

ppl with antisocial personality disorder have less active PFC. 11% reduction

Question 13

how do mirror neurons effect ppl with APD

Answer 13

ppl with APD can experience empathy but do so differently to the rest of us.
suggests they have a ‘switch’ for empathy.

Question 14

what are mirror neurons

Answer 14

empathy neurons

Question 15

what are some positives of neural explanation

Answer 15

scientific research
brain scans

Question 16

what are the limitations of the neural approach

Answer 16

biological reduction-ism
biological determinism

Question 17

what is the first stage of anger management

Answer 17

cognitive preparation.
to reflect on the past and identify triggers

Question 18

what is the second stage of anger management

Answer 18

skill acquisition.
learning techniques to deal with their anger, such as: positive self talk, relaxation, and meditation

Question 19

what is the third stage of anger management

Answer 19

the therapist does role play with the offender to practice the techniques

Question 20

give a case study for anger management

Answer 20

keen et al:
young offenders(17 -21)
eight 2 hour sessions, first 7 done in 3 week and the last done a month later.

Question 21

strength of anger management

Answer 21

. tackles the root cause
. works on different levels

Question 22

weakness of anger management

Answer 22

little evidence it stops re offending long term