Forelimb

Question 1

What is the primary function of bones? (7 points)

Answer 1

Support body
Movement
Growth
Protection of internal organs
Storage of minerals
Storage of lipids
Blood cell formation

Question 2

What bone regions does manus include? What bones support each region?

Answer 2

Carpus -> carpal bones
Metacarpus -> metacarpal bones
Digits -> phalanges and sesamoids

Question 3

State 5 types of bone shape with examples.

Answer 3

Flat bone: scapula
Long bones: humerus, radius, ulna
Short bones: carpal bones
Sesamoids: patella
Irregular bones: vertebrae

Question 4

What are sesamoids?

Answer 4

Special type of short bones within tendons

Question 5

What is the primary site of fractures and infections in young animals?

Answer 5

Growth plate ( epiphyseal line)

Question 6

What is wolf’s law?

Answer 6

Bones get remodelled in response to stress places upon them

Question 7

What are 3 types of joints based on structural classification?

Answer 7

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Question 8

a) What type of joint is not movable and why?
b) When bones fuse it is called:

Answer 8

Fibrous joints. Because the articular surfaces of bones are attached by strong connective tissue.
b) synostosis

Question 9

Joints capsule of synovial joint consist of:
What is the function of each one?

Answer 9

Synovial layer and fibrous layer

Synovial layer produces synovial fluid and is highly vascularized and innervated
Fibrous layer provides resistance

Question 10

What are accessory structures of synovial joints?

Answer 10

Ligaments and menisci (meniscus)

Question 11

What are all the angular motions of synovial joints?

Answer 11

Flexion, extension
Abduction, adduction
Supination, pronation ( antebrachium)
Circumduction
Medial, lateral rotation

Question 12

What are 3 different synovial joint classifications? Provide example

Answer 12

1. By number of articulating bones: simple vs compound (glenohumeral joint vs humeroradioulnar joint)
2. By how well bones fit together: congruent vs incongruent (humeroradioulnar vs knee joint)
3. By shape and permitted motion
   Hinge, ball and socket…

Question 13

What is a sheet like tendon for broader attachment?

Answer 13

Aponeurosis

Question 14

What are accessory structures of muscles? Describe each one.

Answer 14

1. Synovial bursa: a synovial fluid filled balloon that protects tendons on bony surfaces
2. Synovial tendon sheath: a synovial fluid filled sleeve that wraps around a tendon to ease gliding movements between bone and retinaculum
3. Retinaculum: a fibrous band holding tendon down on bone surface

Question 15

What is fascia?

Answer 15

A connective tissue that can be superficial or deep that can separate muscle from skin or isolate and envelope different muscle groups or individual muscles

Question 16

The weight of the head, neck, and trunk transfer to forelimb through which muscles?

Answer 16

Serratus ventralis and pectoral muscles
- when standing, 60% of the animal weight is transferred to the thoracic limbs