Foreign Policy Over Monarchs

Question 1

H7 - France

Answer 1

1489 - Raised an army against French; protect Brittany from French invasion —> worried what threat French-ruled Brittany would pose to England

Treaty of Redon 1489 - Contracted marriage by proxy = desirable for Henry

Treaty of Etaples 1492 - Charles withdrew support from Warbeck & English pension –> ended hostilities between England & France

Henry had defended dynastic & national interests and had improved his financial position

Question 2

H7 - Spain

Answer 2

1489 Medina del Campo - mutual protection - no harbouring of pretenders - marriage between Arthur and Catherine —–>
Ferdinand reluctant

Death of Arthur = H7 hoped to marry H8 to Catherine, lost interest when Isabella died

Treaty of Windsor 1506 - Intercursus Malus

Ferdinand = regent of Castille —-> Henry diplomatically isolated —-> ensured Henry VIII & Catherine did not marry in H7’s lifetime

Question 3

H7 - Scotland

Answer 3

Relations tense up to 1495; James IV offered hospitality to Warbeck (1495) —> 1496 Warbeck attempted rebellion —-> led to 1497 Cornish Rebellion

Treaty of Ayton - Henry VIII & James IV

Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502 - marriage between James IV, Scotland & Henry’s daughter Margaret

Henry had secured the dynasty

Question 4

H7 - Burgundy

Answer 4

Bulk of English exports went through Netherlands - under Burgundy’s jurisdiction

Margaret of Burgandy

Maximillian - Holy Roman Emperor; 1493 - gave Netherlands to his son, Phillip 1949

Deteriorated relations —> hospitality given to Warbeck

H7 embargoed trade with Burgundy; bought securing the dynasty & encouraging trade into conflict –>Improved when Warbeck left

Intercursus Magnus 1496 - trade embargo ended

Treaty of Windsor - Intercursus Malus - favoured English merchants, not enforced

Improved trading position & the security of the dynasty

Question 5

Change

Answer 5

Alliances & continental entanglements —–> aggressive policy to prioritised stability & caution

Strategic marriage & bilateral treaties to strengthen England’s position in Europe —> Enhance England’s diplomatic standing& security

Degree of isolationism - avoided entanglement in conflicts & power struggles

Importance of trade & diplomacy in maintaining England’s prosperity and security —-> Negotiate trade treaties and establish diplomatic relations

Question 6

Continuity

Answer 6

Recognised importance of securing dynastic legitimacy through diplomatic means; sought alliances —-> Marriage alliances - solidify claim to the throne & secure support against potential rivals

Warfare and conflict - pretenders & rebellions; military campaigns vs diplomacy & negotiation

Trade & commerce in maintaining England’s prosperity and influence

Territorial ambitions - expand influence; military conquest vs diplomatic alliances

Question 7

H8 - France

Answer 7

1513 - successful Battle of Spurs

renegotiated French pension lost - Wolsey recovered this & secured marriage between Henry’s sister Mary & Louis XII of France

Spain agreed Treaty of Cambrai - England dangerously isolated

1518 Treaty of London —> Treaty of Perpetual Peace (Pope-united Christian front)

Field of Cloth of Gold achieved little in diplomatic terms

Treaty of Amiens - anti-imperial (Charles) alliance with the French; necessary as England = weak & minor power in Europe

Peace agreed in 1546

Question 8

H8 - Spain

Answer 8

Allies against war in France 1512-13 - Ferdinand’s lack of support = disaster at Gascony

Relations cooled……Annulment to Catherine of Aragon worsened relations

1489 Medina del Campo never repaired

1516 = Ferdinand’s death —-> Charles I became king ——–> Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 (Charles V)

Question 9

H8 - Scotland

Answer 9

Battle of Flodden 1513 - James IV crossed border, killed along with much of Scottish nobility = infant James V king ——> Henry did not exploit weakness of Scotland, finances ran out

Henry incapable of exploiting divisions and weaknesses in Scotland - successful 1542 invasion of Scotland

James V dead following Battle of Solway Moss - heir = week old, Mary (Queen of Scots)

Did not invade Scotland - sought to marry son Edward to Mary —–> Treaty of Greenwich 1543 - formally betrothed the children

Ordered raids in Edinburgh

Question 10

H8 - Burgundy

Answer 10

Battle of Pavia 1525 - Charles successfully crushed French - Henry suggested joint invasion

Charles’ rejection of marriage alliance to Mary —-> Fractured relations; Henry leaned towards France

Henry’s pursuit of divorce - on poor terms with Charles; Henry’s position weakened

Trade embargo on Burgundian lands - Wolsey attempted to pressure Charles

1538 - position weakened again —–> Charles & Francis signed Treaty of Nice & agreed to sever connections with England

Question 11

Change

Answer 11

Alliance strategy = shift from cautious diplomacy to an aggressive & ambitious approach

Military campaigns in pursuit of territorial expansion & glory —-> Italian wars/Anglo-French war = departure form H7’s reign

Break with Rome - split from Catholic powers of Europe - reshaped foreign alliances & diplomatic priorities

Diplomatic isolation - papal states viewed England with suspicion & hostility

Marriage alliances - securing dynasty —-> quest for male heir led to diplomatic tensions/ruptures

Question 12

Continuity

Answer 12

Utilised dynastic marriage alliances - secure/strengthen England’s position

Policies aimed at expanding commercial networks, trade agreements & promoting English exports

Continuation of diplomacy - secure peace, resolve disputes & advance strategic interests —-> conflict resolution - use of diplomatic channels to settle disputes

Balancing power in Europe - prevent any single nation from becoming too dominant on the continent

Question 13

Mid - France

Question 14

Mid - Spain

Question 15

Mid - Scotland

Question 16

Change

Question 17

Continuity

Question 18

Liz - France

Question 19

Liz - Spain

Question 20

Liz - Scotland

Question 21

Liz - Netherlands

Question 22

Change

Question 23

Continuity