Foreign Policy, Division And Restoration Flashcards
The Western Design
Opposed by lambert - saw France as bigger threat and financial costs
Cromwell had religious, Elizabethan and colonial reasons for attacking Spanish possessions
Force left in December 1654 but defeated in April 1655 at San Domingo
Only captured Jamaica
When did the Dutch war end, with what treaty and why?
Treaty of Westminster - April 1654
Cromwell was not happy with the war against the Dutch
Peace enabled the English to begin to trade in the Baltic again - compete on equal terms with the Dutch again
Treaty also prevented the Stuart’s from exploiting their links with the Dutch House of Orange - Charles I’s daughter Mary married William II of Orange
Relations with France
Cromwell secured terms with Spain who were trying to turn him against France - free trade with Spanish colonies, English Protestants in Spain allowed to worship freely in private, Dunkirk as a guarantee for Calais if this was seized in the war, £300,000 a year while the war lasted
Vaudois massacre in 1655 - killing of Protestants in northern Italy but the duke of savoy, an ally of France
France was chosen as an ally because of its danger and also to ensure that conflict continued between France and Spain
Baltic policy
Commercial treaty with Sweden
Main aim of English policy was to prevent any one power controlling the Baltic and thus be in position to prevent their merchants trading
Treaty of Roskilde February 1658 - peace between Sweden and Denmark, central role by English ambassador in Sweden
Use of sea power
Motto - ‘peace through war’
By 1653, the regime has 180 ships
1656 - English captured Spanish plate fleet securing £250,000
Used alongside the French in 1657 to capture Mardyke
Also worked with Spain to prevent French attack on Spanish port in Naples
Admiral Blake fought against Barbary pirates
Used in the Baltic to ensure that the area remained open to English merchants
Strong navy helped to hamper an invasion by Charles I and put pressure on other powers not to help him
1655 - first rate Naseby ship launched
Foreign policy successes
Peace with Dutch Navy victory over the Spanish at Cadiz Capture of the Spanish gold fleet Capture of Mardyke Commercial treaty with Sweden Negotiating the Treaty of Roskilde between Sweden and Denmark Capture of Dunkirk Maintaining good relations with Venice and the Ottoman Empire Capture of Jamaica
Republican divisions
Civilian Cromwellians/Presbyterians - more traditional parliamentary settlement and reduction of the army’s influence
Commonswealthsmen/republicans - weakening of the army
Army grandees - wanted Richards protectorate to continue
Monck - removed religious radicals from his army, distinct the NMA
Soldiers, junior officers - wanted their interests protected, and out these demands to Richard on 6 April
Quakers - provoked a reaction because of their perceived political, religious, social and economic undermining
Charles Stuart - royalist hopes at Cromwell’s death but Charles was of little significance
Third Protectorate Parliament
Thought he could be easily influenced as he had not aligned himself with any particular group
Support for civilian stance
Division of the New Model Army
Monck had different ideas in Scotland
Grandees were not ideologically opposed to the concept of a protectorate and more inclined to support Richard than Lambert
Removal of the protectorate left power, for a short while, in the hands of the council of officers
The council dismissed those loyal to Richard and recalled radicals e.g. Lambert
Many were reluctant to have lambert return and so were forced not to oppose Charles or Monck
Pressure from the rank and file and junior officers over grievances forced the grandees to reluctantly recall the rump
George Booth’s rising
August 1659
Failed national uprising
Suppressed by lambert’s forces
When did Lambert remove the Rump?
13 October 1659
Derby Petition expressed anger at the Rump’s failure
Determined to secure the army’s position that the Rump had been undermining
The defection of Monck
Army had limited political thinking - not willing to establish a military regime
A decision was made to send a force under Lambert towards Monck - wish to avoid fighting
Lambert’s old commander, Fairfax, turned against him in the north and he returned to London, where his army disintegrated
When was the Committee of Safety established and what was it for?
October to late December 1659
Set up by the Council of Officers as a provisional government
When was the Rump reinstated?
26 December 1659
What happened when Monck entered London?
He remodelled the armed forces to remove radicals and became commander in chief
Reformed the Long Parliament when the Rump did not offer political or religious stability
When did the Long Parliament dissolve itself?
16 March 1660
When and what was the Declaration of Breda?
4 April 1660
Outlined that if Charles was restored, he would rule as a traditional monarch through parliament, promised the army their arrears, pardon to all apart from a select few and ‘Liberty to tender consciences’
What did free elections result in?
Convention Parliament
When did Charles II return to England?
End of May, declared monarch on 8 May
The convention - indemnity
Indemnity act passed on 29 August 1660
Everyone bar 30 were excluded
The convention - land settlement
Charles left the land settlement problem to parliament - shifted blame
Church and crown land reclaimed
The convention - disbanding the army
Breda promised the army it’s arrears
Indemnity act assed and arrears voted by the commons, the army was peacefully disbanded
The convention - constitution
Charles became king without any limitations imposed because there was too short a time to enact any bills and royalist obstruction
The convention - finance
Tonnage and poundage granted for life
£1.2 million a year, from customs and excise - in reality only raised £400,000 and finance was pressured
Hearth tax 1662
The convention - religion
Breda promised indulgence for nonconformists but this didn’t happen
Worcester house declaration (October 1660) - bishops and presbyters would ordain and censure clergy
Never ratified by the convention parliament due to opposition
The convention - militia
1661 and 1662 - militia acts that gave Charles full control of all armed forces
When and why was the Convention Parliament dissolved?
20 November 1660
Most likely due to annoyance at the lack of legislation with regard to the militia and problems with the religious settlement
The cavalier parliament and it’s features
Elected May 1661
Local government was returned to the ruling elite
Thought crown should was government, not them, but wary of giving Charles too much power
June 1661 - purged to remove men of 1640s/50s and replace them with ‘loyal’/’well affected’
What was the Act for the Safety and Preservation of His Majesty’s Person and Government?
Cancelled any ordinances (acts of Parliament) that did not have royal assent - some that limited the Crown’s powers still stood e.g. Abolition of Star Chamber, abolition of Ship Money, Triennial Act
In what ways did the Cavalier Parliament strengthen Charles I’s position?
1662 Licensing Act formalised press censorship
Bishops no longer excluded from House of Lords - influential group of supporters
Act to prevent mass petitioning
Made punishable to accuse the king of popery or stirring up hatred of the monarch
