Foreign Policy Flashcards
2 factors that make up congressman’s stance on trade
-constituency-party
3 concepts of National Interest
-Power and National Security-Domestic Impact Conception-Ideological Principle Conception
4 Models of Decision Making
Rational Actor Model Organizational Process Model Bureaucratic Politics Model Radical (Military Industrial) Model
4 Options towards Soviet Russia
-roll back communism (aggression) -negotiations of many disagreements (diplomacy) -appeasement -containment/isolation of USSR
5 Questions for Opinion Maker
-How different is mass opinion and lead opinion? -How interested is the public? -How knowledgeable is the public? -What do they believe? -Are our opinions volatile?
5 Sequential Steps of Rational Actor
- definition of situation 2. identification of goals 3. identification of options 4. cost benefit analysis
6 Tactics to weaken states
-prying away its allies -weakening hold on sphere of influence -stopping trade -removing hostile gov’t -waging preemptive war -fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance
7 Sins of US foreign policy
EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance
ABC Democrats
The promotion by the US of any government opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
with Spain, transferring Florida, extended the U.S. to present boundaries in southeast.
Alaska purchase 1867
ended Russian territorial presence and completed U.S. expansion on North American mainland.
Allies and Germany 1918
accepted Wilson’s 14 points as basis for just and lasting peace ending World War I.
Anti-terrorism
measures to protect and defend U.S. citizens and interests from terrorist attacks
Appeasement
policy where one state must see the world from another state’s point of view
Balance of Power.
A concept that describes how states deal with the problems of national security in a context of shifting alliances and alignments.
Bretton Woods Conference
Conferences that established IMF, GATT, and WB
Bureaucratic Politics Model
bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing
Bush Doctrine
Preventive/Preemptive war against potential aggressors before they are capable of mounting attacks against the United States
Bush’s stance on international trade
-for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector
Can US states create their own foreign policy?
Generally no. US treaties and federal law are said to preempt any state or local law that can be said to be in the area of foreign relations. There is some wiggle room here, however if the effect of the local statute or ordinance is minimal. Courts upheld south african apartheid legislation, wherein cities forced pension funds to divest themselves of any South African investments.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
the government organization that oversees foreign intelligence-gathering and related classified activities
Cognitive dissidence
Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person’s opinion
Compellence
Persuading a country from doing something they wouldn’t have done
Congenial International Environment/Interdependence
-Needs cooperative interational environments -US needs more free states
Congress powers in foreign Policy
Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation
Containment?
Keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions.
Counter terrorism
activities to stop terrorists from using fore and responding when they do
Covert Operations
undercover actions in which the prime mover country appears to have had no role
Critiques of Appeassment Theory
Detterents almost always cause War (Security theory)
Cuban Missile Crisis
“â€_Ä¢A new leader, Fidel Castro, came to power in Cuba and declared it a communist country. The US government cut off relations with Cuba in protest.
Department of Defense
the executive department charged with managing country’s military personnel, equipment, and operations
Department of Homeland Security
executive department meant to provide a unifying force in the efforts of the government to prevent attacks on the United States and to respond to such attacks through law enforcement and emergency relief should they occur
Department of State
the executive department charged with managing foreign affairs
Deterrence
Preventing a country from doing what they might do
Diplomacy
the formal system of communication and negotiation between countries
Diplomatic Realism
What sub-ideology? -“There can be a slippage between the distribution of power and the perception of threat” -Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not
Director of National Intelligence
overseer and coordinator of the many agencies involved in production and dissemination of intelligence information in the U.S. government, as well as the president’s main intelligence adviser
Does congress play a small or a large role in foreign affairs?
Large.
Dollar diplomacy?
“Dollar diplomacy” was the term used to describe the efforts of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. The term is based on the earlier but related “gunboat diplomacy” — the demonstration or implied threat of superior military power to influence terms of trade and colonialism. The term was originally coined by critics of Philander C. Knox (Taft’s secretary of State) who worked aggressively to extend American investments into less-developed regions (especially Latin America and China). At the time, during the largely isolationist-pacifist sentiments in the U.S. showed disapproval for the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection, and those like Taft who sought to expand the United States’ reach saw the use of money as a suitable compromise. The term has historically been used by Latin Americans as a characterization of their disapproval for the role of that the U.S. government — through its support for U.S. corporations — have played in using economic, diplomatic, and military power to invade their economies.
Domestic Impact Conception of NI
-what would improve lives of citizens -foreign policy relates to citizens of state
Dove
soft liners; avoid conflict and confrontation; passionate and considerate even if it means a deal of naivety
Earth Summit. 1992
Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the United States, met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change and was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened.
Economic interest groups/ Issue groups/ identity groups
groups that promote public interest such as labor unions and industry groups, pro-life and pro-choice groups, and minority and women’s rights groups
Economic Sanction
Punishments imposed on a nation as forms of protests
Embargo Act of 1807?
It prohibited all international exports from American ports. It represented President Thomas Jefferson’s response to the United Kingdom’s Orders in Council (1807) and France’s Continental System, which were severely hurting America’s merchant marines. Although it was designed to force the British and French to change their commercial systems, neither country did, and the Act was repealed in 1808. The Act failed to prevent the War of 1812.
End of Cold War 1989-91
As President George H.W. Bush stated a desire to integrate the Soviet Union into the community of nations, the Cold War ended when communist regimes collapsed across Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union disintegrated.
Executive agreement?
An executive agreement one of three mechanisms by which the United States enters into binding international agreements. They are considered treaties as the term is used under international law in that they bind both the United States and a foreign state. However, they are not considered treaties as the term is used under United States Constitutional law, because the United States Constitution’s treaty procedure requires the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, and these agreements are made solely by the President of the United States. An executive agreement can only be negotiated and entered into through the president’s authority (1) in foreign policy, (2) as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, or (3) from a prior act of Congress. For instance, it is as commander-in-chief that the President negotiates and enters into status of forces agreements (SOFAs), which govern the treatment and disposition of U.S. forces stationed in other nations. An executive agreement, however, cannot go beyond the President’s constitutional powers.
External Balancing
Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways: -manipulating the system of interstate alliances -tolerate spheres of influence -weaken adversary states
fast track” authority in the context of trade agreements?
In various acts, Congress delegated the authority to negotiate trade agreements (treaties) to the president. The Senate then can vote the agreement up or down. Not really provided for by the constitution, but is in practice. Other countries like dealing with only the president, rather than the entire US senate. See Article II Section 2, Clause 2.
Faults of Containment
-ideolical threat of communism -military threat of the red army -security dilemma
Finlandization
Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself
Foreign Aid
assistance given by one country to another in the form of grants loans
Foreign Policy Objectives?
Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state’s national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state.
Foreign Policy.
The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations
Four P’s
Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles
Fourteen Points
Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The association of nations” Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations. (See also Treaty of Versailles.)”
Free Trade
economic system by which countries exchange goods without imposing excessive tariffs and taxes
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
a series of agreements on international trading terms; now known as the World Trade Organization (WTO)
George Kennan?
He was a diplomat that advised Truman to contain communist expansion through something called the Long Telegram in 1946.
Good Neighbor Policy?
The “Good Neighbor” policy was the policy of the United States Administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in relation to Latin America during 1933-45, when the active U.S. intervention of previous decades was moderated in pursuit of hemispheric solidarity against external threats.
Group Think
attributes decisions to the most intelligent; the way people interact often affect decision making and group decisions are often the best guided
Gulf War I 1990-91
In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United States built an international coalition to defend Saudi Arabia and, after United Nations approval, to eject Iraq from Kuwait through Operation Desert Storm.
Hard Power
Getting others to do what another says
Hawk
hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning
Hegemonic Stability
theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i.e. Pax Britanica
Hegemony
“the overbearing influence of one nation over another”
Human Rights
Exist and must be honored, and a violation of these harms US
Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy?
The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict.
Ideological Principle Conception of NI
-policy is central to country’s values -use democracy to promote justice, peace
If a US citizen breaks a law abroad, how is he punished?
US citizens are subject to the laws of whatever country they are in. The State department usually will not ask for a deportation.
Intelligence Community
agencies and bureaus that are responsible for obtaining and interpreting information for the government