foreign policy Flashcards
Court ruled that under adequate guidelines the death
penalty does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment
gregg vs george
forbids “cruel and unusual punishments”
8th amendment
means a person may not be tried twice for the same crime, thus
protecting people from continual harassment
double jeopardy
states in part that no person shall be “twice put in jeopardy of life and
limb”
5th amendment
●The Court ruled that the 5th amendment’s protection against self-incrimination requires
suspects be clearly informed of their rights before police question them
miranda vs arizona
1964 the Court reversed Escobedo’s conviction, ruling that Escobedo’s 5th
Amendment right to remain silent and his 6th Amendment right to an attorney had been
violated
escodebo vs illinois
won a landmark case that ended the Betts rule
clarence earl gideon
he Court held that states did not have to provide a lawyer in
cases not involving the death penalty
betts vs brady
guarantees a defendant the right “to have the assistance of counsel for
his defense”
6th amendment
requiring a court order even
for wiretapping and bugging in national security cases
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
required
federal, state, and local authorities to obtain a court order for most wiretaps
crime control and safe streets act
extended the Fourth Amendment protections by prohibiting wiretapping
without a warrant
katz vs US
mandatory suspicionless drug
tests for all students participating in interscholastic athletics
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
the Supreme Court ruled that school officials do not need
warrants or probable cause to search students or their property
jersey vs TLO
must show that the evidence would have been eventually
discovered by legal means
the prosecuter
the Court held that evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s
rights can be used at trial
nix vs williams
ruled that as long as the police act in good faith
when they request a warrant, the evidence they collect may be used in court even if the
warrant is defective
US vs Leon
the Court established the exclusionary rule
weeks vs US
states that any illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in federal
court
exclusionary rule
major crime
felony
guarantees “ the right of people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures”
4th amendment
A major challenge for democratic political systems
dealing with crime and criminals
The most common way a citizen participates in political life
voting
an important way to express faith in one’s political system
voting
has always stressed each citizen’s responsibility to
participate in political life
american ideal of citizenship
The loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process
denaturalization
The loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process
treason
A person may lose citizenship when convicted of certain federal crimes that involve what
extreme disloyalty
The simplest way to lose citizenship;giving up one’s citizenship
by leaving one’s native country to live in a foreign country
expatriation
Americans can lose their citizenship in any what of three ways:
○–Through expatriation
○–By being convicted of certain crimes
○–Through denaturalization
can both grant citizenship and take it away
federal government
1868 Congress decided that the citizenship guarantees of the 14th amendment would not
apply to who
native americans
Congress has used collective naturalization five times
hawaii 1900 puerto rico 1917 1803 louisiana purchase florida 1819 texas 1845
process by which members of a whole group of people,
living in the same geographic area, become American citizens through an act of
Congress
collective naturalization
steps to becoming a citizen include what
An applicant requesting citizenship must be at least 18 years old, have lived in the US as
a lawfully admitted resident alien for 30 months of the previous 5 years
●Have lived in the state where the petition is filed for at least 3 months
●If married to a US citizen, he or she only needs 3 years of residency before filing
who will be denied citizenship
Draft evaders, military deserters, polygamists, anarchists, Communists, or followers of
any other totalitarian system
Immigrants who want to become citizens must meet five requirements:
○–Applicants must have entered the United States legally
○–They must be of good moral character
○–They must declare their support of the principles of American government
○–They must prove they can read, write, and speak English (Applicants older than
50 and have lived in the US for 20 years are exempt from this requirement)
○–They must show some basic knowledge of American history and government
he U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; is apart of what bureau that administers most of the key steps to the naturalization process
department of homeland security
the Supreme Court first dealt with the right to counsel in state courts
powell vs alabama
1963, in a unanimous verdict, the Court overruled Betts v. Brady
gideon vs wainwright
