Foreign Policy 1509-1529

Question 1

When was the Treaty of Etaples renegotiated under Henry VIII? Why was this not as significant as originally thought? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 1

Henry negotiated the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples in 1510, yet this was under pressure from his conciliar government to secure peace with France. Henry, however, thought along different lines.

Question 2

When was the Holy League created? What purpose did this have and which countries were involved? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 2

The Holy League was created in 1510, creating an alliance between England, Rome, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and Venice in an alliance against the French.

Question 3

When was Henry VIII used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand in France? How many men did he send and what results did this have on England? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 3

Henry was used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand in 1512, sending 10,000 troops to South-West France. Henry was manipulated into this and it resulted in no gains of territory or influence over the French.

Question 4

When did Henry VIII HIMSELF lead an individual assault on France? What were the results of this? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 4

Henry launched a personal attack on France in 1513, leading to the Battle of Spurs, whereby he seized the towns of Therouanne and Tournai.

Question 5

Despite its paltry territorial gains, how were the results of the Battle of Spurs presented by Henry VIII? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 5

Henry presented the result of the Battle of Spurs as a major victory in a large display of propaganda following the Battle.

Question 6

When was the Battle of Flodden? What were the results of this? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 6

The Battle of Flodden was in 1513, with Henry’s forces leading to the death of James IV and the ascension of James V (an infant).

Question 7

What financial problems were there with the wars of 1512/13 for Henry VIII? (2) - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 7

The wars were very costly and Henry was required to liquidate assets left to him by his father to finance them, there were fears of a taxation revolt in Yorkshire (mirroring 1489)

Question 8

What damage was done by Henry VIII’s conflicts in France in 1512/13 in terms of relations with France? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 8

The pension negotiated by the Treaty of Etaples in 1510 was lost and Tournai was eventually sold back to France for less than England had to pay for its repairs after the battle in 1513.

Question 9

When was the Anglo-French Alliance agreed? What were the terms of this treaty? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 9

The Anglo-French Alliance was agreed in 1514, agreeing for Henry’s sister, Mary, to marry the French King, Louis XII, as well as for the continuation of the French Pension to England which was lost after 1513.

Question 10

When did Louis XII die? What subsequent marriage hampered Henry VIII’s foreign policy? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 10

Louis XII died on 1st January 1515, with Mary immediately marrying the Duke of Suffolk, meaning she could no longer be exploited by Henry for diplomatic purposes.

Question 11

Who replaced Louis XII as French King? Who replaced Ferdinand as Spanish King? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 11

Louis XII was replaced as King by Francis I, whilst Ferdinand was replaced as King by Charles V.

Question 12

What treaty was agreed between Charles V and Francis I immediately after Charles’ ascension? WHEN? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 12

The Treaty of Cambrai was agreed in 1516 by Francis I and Charles V, creating a peace agreement between the 2 countries and isolating England.

Question 13

How and when did Wolsey succeed in ending England’s isolation following the Treaty of Cambrai through diplomacy? Which countries? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 13

Wolsey secured the Treaty of London in 1518 between England, Spain, France, the HRE, the papacy and other smaller states. Essentially a non-aggression pact.

Question 14

When was Wolsey appointed Papal Legate? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 14

Wolsey was appointed Papal Legate in 1518.

Question 15

When and what was the Field of the Cloth of Gold? How significant was this? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 15

The Field of the Cloth of Gold was a diplomatic event with extravagant hospitality in June 1520.
Temporarily significant but was completely irrelevant following conflict with France in 1522/23. Mainly to force Habsburgs into alliance with England.

Question 16

When was the Treaty of Bruges negotiated? What reasons did England have for supporting the Habsburgs instead of France? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 16

The Treaty of Bruges was negotiated in 1521.
Meant that Henry could improve relations with the Pope, potentially expand English territory around France, secured a marriage alliance between Henry’s daughter, Mary, and Charles V.

Question 17

When did English armies attack France following the Treaty of Bruges? What were the results of these attacks (militarily and financially)? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 17

English armies launched assaults on France in 1522 and 1523, resulting in few major gains at major financial cost.

Question 18

How did the aftermath of the Battle of Pavia compromise Henry’s alliance with the Habsburgs? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 18

Following the Battle, Henry suggested a joint attack on France with Charles, which England would contribute little to. Henry was forced to back down and Charles repudiated his marriage alliance with Princess Mary.

Question 19

When was the Sack of Rome? What impacts were there of this for Henry VIII? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 19

The Sack of Rome took place in 1527, with Charles V’s assault leading to the Pope becoming the prisoner of Charles (an enemy of Henry).

Question 20

When was the Treaty of Amiens signed? What did this secure and why was it agreed? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 20

The Treaty of Amiens was signed in 1527, agreeing an alliance between France and England against the Habsburgs. Mostly agreed solely because of the weak position of both states.

Question 21

What economic action did Wolsey take against the Habsburgs and when? What impacts did this have? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 21

In 1527, Wolsey imposed a trading embargo on Burgundian trade, leading to Charles V retaliating and creating widespread unemployment and social problems in England.

Question 22

What was agreed by the 1529 Peace of Cambrai? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 22

The 1529 Peace of Cambrai agreed that France would relinquish any ambitions in Italy, securing Charles V’s dominance over the Pope.

Question 23

What impact did the 1529 Peace of Cambrai have on Henry VIII? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 23

The 1529 Peace of Cambrai left the Pope under the control of Henry’s wife’s nephew. Given that Henry wanted to divorce Catherine, he would find this difficult given the Pope was controlled by Charles as he would not allow his family to be disrespected.

Question 24

Why did Henry VIII’s lack of financial power weaken his foreign policy against Scotland? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 24

By 1514, Henry couldn’t afford a warlike Foreign Policy, therefore meaning he couldn’t exploit the frailties in Scotland with an infant monarch on the throne.

Question 25

How much did Henry VIII’s 2 wars with France under Wolsey cost? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 25

Henry’s 2 wars with France under Wolsey cost £1.3 million.

Question 26

When was the Battle of Pavia? - Foreign Policy (1509-1529)

Answer 26

The Battle of Pavia took place in 1525.