foreign policy

Question 1

how did hviii’s fp start

Answer 1

with conflict between him and his council, he was pro war and council was anti war. showed by renewal of treaty of etaples in 1510
otoh, hviii sent christopher bainbridge, archbishop of york to negotiate an anti french alliance with pope julius ii in 1511. turned into the holy league including, england, spain, hre, papacy and venice

Question 2

how did the holy league backfire on hviii

Answer 2

he was being used by ferdinand of aragon, his father in law, and the roman emporer, maximillion i because they used him as a distraction when he sent 10,000 men to southwest france to invade and ferdinand of aragon took the opportunity to invade navarre

Question 3

battle of spurs

Answer 3

1513
hviii led an army himself to the north of france and captures therrouanne and tournai
geoffrey elton said it was a futile slideshow

Question 4

battle of flodden

Answer 4

anglo scottish in 1513
king james iv crossed boarder with army but defeated and then retreated. jiv was killed along with scottish nobility
left scotland in hands of infant james v - hviii did not capatilise on this opportunity

consequences
costly, hviii had to liquidate his assets to pay for it
nealry got yorkshire rebelion from runblings about taxation foe the battle - repeat from 1489
etaples lost
tounai was sold back for less

Question 5

1514

Answer 5

maximillion and ferdinand made peace and hviii left mess for wolsey
wolsey gained back etaples and organised a marriage between hviii younger sister, mary, and louis xiii king of france

Question 6

explain the main protagonists in 1514-26 fp

Answer 6

death of maximillion 1519 - charles v
death of louis xiii 1515 - francis i
death of james iv 1513 - james v
death of ferdinand 1516 - charles i

Question 7

what are the sections of hviii fp

Answer 7

09-13
14-26
27-40
41-47

Question 8

what are 3 points that can be made about hviii’s second quarter of his fp

Answer 8

england remained a minor power compared to spain and france
hviii significantly overestimated englands power and made wolsey frame english fp on wrong facts
hviii underestimated the ault alliance

Question 9

what were 3 major consequences faced by the end of 1514

Answer 9

unable to exploit the weakness of scotland following death of james iv at flodden

marriage between mary and louis xiii was short lived

run out of finances by 1514 due to poitnless and illthought through battles

Question 10

treaty of cambrai

Answer 10

alliance between new monarchy, francis i, charles v and maximillion made in 1517

Question 11

what were the consequences of the treaty of cambrai for henry viii

Answer 11

isolation of england from other big foreign powers

offered francis i opportunity to undermine anglo scottish relations because the duke of albany, the heir presumptive and regent to scot throne, was a member of french nobility

Question 12

what did wolsey do about the isolations caused by the treaty of cambrai in 1517

Answer 12

treaty of london in 1518
prompted by pope leo x turned into the treaty of perpetual peace: a non-aggression pact including england, france, spain, hre and other states.

Question 13

what did wolsey get out of the topp

Answer 13

position of papal legate - height of his power in 1518

Question 14

what was the 1518 agreement with france

Answer 14

england agreed to return tournai to france but france had to continue to pay reparations
in addition the french agreed to keep the duke of albany out of scotland which ensured more peaceful anglo-scottish relations

Question 15

field of the cloth of gold

Answer 15

june 1520
meeting in calais with hviii and francis i

Question 16

significance of the field of the cloth of gold

Answer 16

didnt achieve anything besides spend more money hviii didnt have, also relations were worsened by august 1521 between france and hre…hviii chose hre

Question 17

why did hviii side with charles v and hre in august 1521

Answer 17

1. he could improve his relations with the pope who was anxious to reduce french control over italy
2. might gain more teratory in france
3. part of the deal entailed a marriage between emporer charles and princess mary

Question 18

what did hviii do in 1522 and 1523 as a result of the deal with charles v

Answer 18

invaded franc/, which gained nothing for hviii expect for loss in fincances

Question 19

battle of pavia

Answer 19

1525
hviii suggests that him and charles v launch a join invasion on francis i after hre charles v had destroyed the french at the battle of pavia

this worsened hviii’s reputation internationally because no king ad ever invaded whilst a country had been destroyed once not a few months prior.

charles v did not agree to this suprisingly and the outcome of the amicable grant, a taxation process made by wolsey

Question 20

what were the 3 main consequences forhviii after the battle of pavia incident

Answer 20

1. henry was obliged to back down after having his ego bruised
2. his resentment towards the emporer was reiunforced when charles took back his marriage contract with princess mary
3. wolseys domestic prestige never recovered from this

Question 21

summarise hviii’s fp from 1527 to 1529

Answer 21

from englands weak position against the emporer, he joined the league of cognac and also making the treaty of amiens with the french in 1527
wolsey tried to pressurise the eporer by threatening a trade embargo with the burgundian islands but wolsey was forced to back down after charles’ response created widespread unemployment in england
charles showed his strength at the battle of landriano with the french in 1529 and his dominance over the pope at the peace of cambrai in the same year. this also ensured henry knew his marital issue would not succeed because of charles being nephew to henry’s wife.

Question 22

what was the league of cognac

Answer 22

put together by the pope in order to counterbalance what he considered to be exessive power of the emporer in northerm italy fllowing his victory at pavia

Question 23

1532

Answer 23

henry made a fragile alliance with the also weak france however this became meaningless to henry when francis sought for a marriage between his son henry and the popes niece

Question 24

what did henry o to secure his position as protestant england

Answer 24

joined the league of schmalkalden

Question 25

how was pressure lifted from henry in 1536

Answer 25

death of catheine of aragon and execution of anne boleyn opened up a possibility of a renewed alliance with the emporer
renewl of fighting between france and hre reduced henry’s danger

Question 26

dates of termination of marriage for h’s wives

Answer 26

Catheirne of aragon 1531
anne boleyn 1536
jane seymour 1537
anne of cleves 1540
catherine howard 1542
catherine parr 1548

Question 27

1538

Answer 27

henry’s position weakened
1. treaty between charles and francis - treaty of nice
2. pope paull 111 published a bull deposing henry and thereby absolving english catholics from the need to obey their ruler
3. the pope sent envoys to both france and scotland to rouse for support for a catholic crusade against henry.

Question 28

how was henry’s position different frm how he percieved it

Answer 28

he was actually safer than he thought in 1536 because neither charles or francis trusted eachother.

Question 29

act of 6 articles

Answer 29

1539
henry passed the act of 6 articles to show 6 catholic things english people could do at the time - probably felt threatened by the treaty of nice and the pope

hviii also married anne of cleaves as political insurance against charles and francis since it was another attempt at an alliance with the league of schmalkalden

his marriage with anne was as short lived as the treaty of nice

Question 30

summarise the relationship between ireland and england

Answer 30

english authorities remained in control of the pale and the area surrounding dublin
gerald fitzgerald was the 9th earl of kildare, he played an english servant to the crown whilst also being one of the most prominent gaelic chiefs.
his relationship with the king broke down and he was dismissed in 1534 led to a major rebellion run by thomas fitzgerald - his son
——————–

Question 31

treaty of Greenwich

Answer 31

1543
betrothed mary queen of scots with prince edward but scotland deserted this idea which enraged henry

Question 32

what did henry do after the treaty of greenwich was abandoned

Answer 32

ordered the earl of hertford to raid scotland, specifically st andrews, leith and edinburgh

Question 33

how was henry’s foreign policy with scotland a failure

Answer 33

1. he neglected all opportunities to invade and take over scotland in 1542
2. failed to heed sadlers warning about scottish hostility
3. his ordering of hertford into scotland was out of retaliation and had no strategic plan or objectives.