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Henry VII > Foreign Policy > Flashcards

Foreign Policy Flashcards

1
Q

aims

A

Security

Recognition (prestige)

Prosperity

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2
Q

Henry’s initial relationship with France and Brittany

A

Relations with France were initially friendly because Henry’s fight for the throne had been encouraged by the French court. But he also depended on Britanny during his exile

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3
Q

how did relations with both Brittany and France affect Henry

A

Brittany was semi-independent from French rule and his relationship with them put him in a difficult position when France invaded Brittany in 1487 as they wanted to gain complete control of it

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4
Q

when did France invade Britanny and what was this known as

A

France invaded Brittany in 1487 and it was known as the Breton Crisis

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5
Q

date of the breton crisis

A

1487-91

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6
Q

what did Henry do in response to France invading Brittany

A

He was alarmed and summoned parliament in 1489 to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French

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7
Q

why did Henry want to raise an army against France

A

Because he felt a sense of obligation to the Bretons
and French direct control of Brittany would put the south coast of England in a militarily weaker position which would make Calais vulnerable and trade would be disrupted

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8
Q

how was the Breton Crisis Escalated

A

The Breton crisis escalated as France decided to send troops into Brittany on May 1487, Henry approached Maximillian who sent 1,500 and Spain sent 1,000. Though a French nobleman who wanted to marry Anne Alain d’ Albert countered and sent 4,000 troops

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9
Q

what did Henry do to reassure France

A

Once the army crossed the channel in 1489, Henry made it clear that he was only acting in defence of Brittany and there was no intention to go to war with France

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10
Q

how did Henry’s attempt to reassure France fail

A

The reassurances did not satisfy the French as they received Perkin Warbeck at court and poured more troops into brittany

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11
Q

how did Henry compromise after France received Perkin Warbeck

A

Henry compromised and sent several hundred volunteers under Lord Scales to act as a mediator between the two courts.

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12
Q

treaty of redon

A

Henry signed the treaty of Redon in 1489 where he sent 6,000 troops to defend their independence

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13
Q

when did the Breton’s accept defeat and what did that mean for Henry

A

The Bretons accepted defeat in 1491 and Anne married Charles VIII which put henry in a bad position

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14
Q

Why did the Bretons’ acceptance of defeat put Henry in a bad position - 4

A
  1. He had raised a large amount of money to go to war against France, and parliament was asked to raise a grant of £100,00 which led to the Yorkshire Rebellion
  2. If he didn’t go to war it would anger his subjects even more
  3. If he left France he would be seen as a failure and lose credibility which he could not afford due to the presence of pretenders in England
  4. Going to war with France would encourage them to support English challengers to the Throne
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15
Q

what did Henry’s dilemma with France led to

A

Treaty of Etaples 1492

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16
Q

when was the treaty of Etaples signed

A

November 1492

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17
Q

terms of the treaty of Etaples

A
  1. Charles VIII agreed to withdraw his support for Perkin Warbeck and agreed not to help another pretender
  2. France agreed to give substantial compensation in return for the removal of English Troops from Brittany
  3. France agreed to pay a pension of £5,000 per year to Henry
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18
Q

Evaluating the Breton Crisis - 5

A
  1. Henry’s strategy had proved successful, he had pursued a difficult diplomatic path without having to engage in an all-out expensive war
  2. He defended dynastic interests and gained recognition by stopping the French support for Warbeck and Future Pretenders
  3. Ensured national security to an extent by maintaining a basic relationship with France
  4. France agreed to a yearly pension, although it was not a lot of money but it was a form of extraordinary revenue nonetheless
  5. He didn’t get independence for Brittany - though he did all he could and they accepted defeat
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19
Q

Henry’s foreign policy aims

A

Security
Recognition
Prosperity

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20
Q

why did Henry pursue relations with Spain

A

The unification between Castille and Aragon happened in 1479, joined by the marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella. This made Spain a powerful country which Henry was keen to enter an alliance with as he wanted their recognition and support.

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21
Q

how did Henry try to gain an alliance with Spain

A

Through marriage

22
Q

when was the marriage alliance with Spain made

A

In 1488 a betrothal between Arthur, the Prince of Wales and their youngest daughther Catherine of Aragon was made

23
Q

what did the Marriage alliance with Spain led to

A

Treaty of Medina Del Campo 1489, which was an important development for Henry, in that it gave him some international peace and security

24
Q

terms of the treaty of Medina del Campo - 3

A
  1. The two monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of an attack from France
  2. They agreed not to harbour pretenders which were particularly important for Henry
  3. King Ferdinand agreed to a large dowry
25
Q

problems with implementing the treaty of medina del campo

A
  1. The two monarchs argued over the size of Catherine’s dowry
  2. The marriage arrangements did not go smoothly as Ferdinand was reluctant to allow marriage to go ahead as long as Henry’s dynastic stability remained threatened by Warbeck
  3. Though the marriage took place in 1501, Arthur died in 1502 which created more problems
26
Q

evaluating the treaty of Medina del campo

A

It can be argued that Henry was duped into accepting a treaty that did not fully benefit him as Ferdinand reserved the right to withdraw from a conflict
It benefitted Henry in dynastic terms as Spain agreed to not harbour pretenders which meant that they accepted the tudor dynasty

27
Q

where did the bulk of English trade go through

A

The bulk of english exports went through trading ports of the Netherland such as Antwerp and Bruges which came under Burgundy’s jurisdiction

28
Q

why was it important for Henry to maintain a relationship with Burgundy

A

It was important that Henry maintained a good relationship with Burgungy for commercial reasons and because he wanted the Earl of Suffolk - Edmund De La Pole back who sought refuge in Burgundy and could potentially raise an army against him which threatened national security

29
Q

what complicated Henry’s relationship with Burgundy

A

The complication was that Margeret of Burgundy was in charge of her late husband’s estate and she was the sister of Edward IV and Richard III and a leading supporter of the Yorkist cause

30
Q

how did Relations between England and Burgundy deteriorate

A

when they provided support for Warbeck

31
Q

how did Henry respond to Burgundy’s support for pretenders

A

Henry responded by putting an embargo on Trade with Burgundy

32
Q

How did Henry’s trade embargo with Burgundy cause him problems?

A

It caused problems as it brought his two FP objectives into conflict with each other - securing the dynasty and encouraging trade and prosperity. In giving into his dynastic interests, he sacrificed the commercial interests of the country which reduced his popularity

33
Q

how did relations with Burgundy improve and what did it led to

A

Relations improved slightly after Warbeck left Burgundy which led to the Intercuses Magnus in 1496 which ended the trade embargo

34
Q

how did Henry get lucky with burgundy later in his reign

A

Henry got lucky in 1506 as Phillip of Burgundy and his wife Juana took refuge in England due to the storm they experienced at sea

35
Q

how did Henry take advantage of Phillip of Burgundy in England

A

He made them sign the Treaty of Windsor

36
Q

what did the Treaty of Windsor lead to

A

The Treaty of Windsor 1506 brought about a new trade agreement and stronger trading links as it created the Intercusus Malus
Return of the Earl of Suffolk which further secures Henry’s dynasty. Though it increased tensions with Ferdinand who starts to look for better relationships with France (English threat)

37
Q

why was Anglo-Scottish relations often tense

A

Due to various reasons :
The Scots often sheltered Yorkists rebels which made Henry feel unsafe as they could attack from the border
Border towns - Edward IV, the previous Yorkist king had taken the border towns of Berwick and Dunbar which Scotland wanted back
France - The Scots had a traditional Auld alliance with France who was England’s biggest threat - this meant that he had threats from both the north and the south and they could form an army together against Henry
Raids - The problem of raids from Scotland especially due to the War of Roses which was why he needed to have a member of the nobility who he trusted to control that area

38
Q

when did problems with Scotland arise

A

Problems with Scotland arose when James III was killed in 1488, this led to the deterioration of Anglo - Scottish relations. Supporters of James III took refuge in England and Henry could use them to stir up trouble which led to the Scots harbouring rebels from the Simnel rebellion

39
Q

how did more problems arise with Scotland - James IV

A

More problems arose when James IV came to the throne, he was anti-England and keen on military glory and wanted to draw closer links with france, this puts Henry in a difficult position because the Earl of N who controlled areas like these was killed in the Yorskhire rebellion

40
Q

tensions with Scotland - perkin warbeck

A

To make things worse - Warbeck was given protection in Scotland

41
Q

what did James encourage Warbeck to do

A

James IV encouraged Warbeck to cross the border in 1496 with an army, with the condition that James only helped him as long as he was repaid and they captured Berwick.

42
Q

what happened with the invasion in 1496

A

It failed and they quickly retreated once they heard that English forces were marching towards them

43
Q

when did Scotland attempt to invade again

A

1497

44
Q

James second attempt to invade

A

James tried again in 1497 during the Cornish rebellion as he thought Henry would be distracted but again was chased back over the border - this led to the breakdown of the relationship between Warbeck and James

45
Q

what was agreed between England and Scotland

A

A Truce

46
Q

what was the truce between England and Scotland called

A

The Truce of Ayton 1497

47
Q

what was the date of the truce of ayton

A

1497

48
Q

what was agreed in the truce of ayton

A

It made Scotland less likely to support pretenders in the future. Anglo-Scottish relations significantly improved and a marriage alliance was made between Henry’s daughter Margaret and James IV -

49
Q

what did the marriage alliance between James IV and Margeret led to

A

The marriage alliance led to the treaty of perpetual peace.

50
Q

date of the treaty of perpetual peace

A

1502

51
Q

success of Henry’s FP with Scotland

A

It improved relations with Scotland and created a peace treaty that had never happened between England and Scotland since 1328.
Henry had been able to create diplomacy with a naturally hostile country and made them recognise the dynasty, the marriage alliance also created the possibility of an heir by which England can make a claim to

52
Q

failures of his FP with Scotland

A

There were still issues with border towns and raids after the treaty
Auld Alliance still remained
Scotland started to build four naval warships.
The Earl of Arran was captured by the English in 1508 as he was travelling to France through England, this created a fragile relationship with the scots

Henry VII (6 decks)

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