Foreign Policy

Question 1

aims

Answer 1

Restore Papal Supremacy in England
Marry Phillip

Question 2

what was the outcome of Mary’s marriage

Answer 2

It was evident that it would be very difficult for England to remain neutral in any Franco-Spanish conflict as the natural outcome of Mary’s marriage was war

Question 3

what did Mary attempt to do

Answer 3

She tried to keep the peace

Question 4

what happened to Franco-Spanish relations and when

Answer 4

By 1556 it broke down

Question 5

what caused the break down of Franco - Spanish relations

Answer 5

Phillip attacked the fiercely anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV in 1556 who was allied with the French and thus led to retaliation from Henry II

Question 6

what did Phillip make Mary do

Answer 6

Phillip put pressure on Mary to declare war

Question 7

what did Pressure from Phillip mean for Mary and English foreign policy

Answer 7

It meant that she was at war with the papacy and she undid the diplomacy of N which put English foreign policy back onto its traditional anti-french footing

Question 8

when did Mary declare war on France

Answer 8

Mary declared war on France on 7th June 1557

Question 9

apart from being married to Phillip what was another reason why Mary declared war on France

Answer 9

They supported exiled English protestants

Question 10

events of the war

Answer 10

The Navy was sent into the channel and garrisons were strengthened in Scotland due to the Auld Alliance. 7000 troops were sent to help Phillip

Question 11

reaction of declaration of war from the nobility

Answer 11

Members of the nobility were enthusiatic about the prospect of war as it offered a way for those who had fallen out of favour with the Queen due to links with Edward’s reign to gain some credit with the crown

Question 12

what battle was forth with France and when

Answer 12

The Battle of St Quentin in 1557

Question 13

what happened initially with the war with France

Answer 13

The campaign had a promising start as they defeated the French at the Battle of St Quentin

Question 14

what happened later in the war and when

Answer 14

The campaign soon turned into a disaster as the French launched a surprise attack on Calais in 1558

Question 15

outcome of the French counter attack

Answer 15

The 2000 english troops stood no chance against against the 27,000 French troops and they captured calais in 3 weeks

Question 16

what happened with the loss of calais

Answer 16

No attempt was made to recapture Calais

Question 17

how was the loss of Calais made more humiliating

Answer 17

They were even more humiliated when peace negotiations started between Phillip and Henry in 1558, which brought the Habsburg - Valois conflict to an end and Phillip made no attempt to use the treaty to recover Calais for England

Question 18

how significant was the loss of Calais

Answer 18

Although Calais would have been impossible to defend in the long term, it was a terrible blow to their national pride, as Calais represented the last English stronghold in France.

Question 19

what did the loss of Calais symbolise

Answer 19

Its loss symbolised the limited role that the country had to play in European affairs and how her marriage was more of a convenience to Spain than for England

Question 20

economic significance of the loss of Calais

Answer 20

Calais was a trade area, part of mainland France. Losing it lifted financial pressure created from the cost of sending soldiers to defend and garrison it

Question 21

diplomatic significance of the loss of calais

Answer 21

It greatly affected her relations with France and her court. It went against the neutrality terms of the Treaty of Boulogne. The main reason her court opposed the marriage was because Phillip would drag them into wars and they were proven right

Question 22

how did the loss of Calais affect their image and morale

Answer 22

It affected her image internationally - threatened the treaty of Boulogne, military victory was short-lived and it showed the inadequacies of the army as they failed to protect Calais. Affected her image domestically - affected her relationship with the nobility who opposed the marriage to Phillip. Lost land that had been there for centuries.

Question 23

military significance of the loss of calais

Answer 23

The inadequacies of the military highlighted the need for reform which was implemented. N. had reduced the size of the military and ships which may have affected their ability to win.

Question 24

modernisation of the army

Answer 24

There was a complete reorganisation of the administration and finance of the Navy

Question 25

how did Mary modernise warships

Answer 25

She rebuilt 6 new warships that had been decommissioned under N and repaired others, by 1558 the fleet was at the level it was at the end of Henry VIII’s reign.

Question 26

how did she use Crown finances to modernise the army

Answer 26

Crown finances budgeted for a peace-time allocation of £14,000 to the Navy

Question 27

how did she reform the methods for raising troops

Answer 27

Mary reformed the methods that were used for raising troops which was important in a country that lacked a standing army

Question 28

what acts were used to modernise the army

Answer 28

The 1558 Militia Act created a commission of muster with the responsibility for organising the recruitment of regional militias in wartime
The Arms Act established better procedures for supplying weapons to the royal forces

Question 29

john guy’s interpretation of the modernisation of the army

Answer 29

‘a landmark in English Military Organisation’

Question 30

what did Modernisation of the Army under Mary mean for Elizabeth

Answer 30

The reforms provided the basis for the organisation of the army that gave Elizabeth the means to resist Spain. It had positive long term consequences