Foreign Policy Flashcards
aims
Restore Papal Supremacy in England
Marry Phillip
what was the outcome of Mary’s marriage
It was evident that it would be very difficult for England to remain neutral in any Franco-Spanish conflict as the natural outcome of Mary’s marriage was war
what did Mary attempt to do
She tried to keep the peace
what happened to Franco-Spanish relations and when
By 1556 it broke down
what caused the break down of Franco - Spanish relations
Phillip attacked the fiercely anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV in 1556 who was allied with the French and thus led to retaliation from Henry II
what did Phillip make Mary do
Phillip put pressure on Mary to declare war
what did Pressure from Phillip mean for Mary and English foreign policy
It meant that she was at war with the papacy and she undid the diplomacy of N which put English foreign policy back onto its traditional anti-french footing
when did Mary declare war on France
Mary declared war on France on 7th June 1557
apart from being married to Phillip what was another reason why Mary declared war on France
They supported exiled English protestants
events of the war
The Navy was sent into the channel and garrisons were strengthened in Scotland due to the Auld Alliance. 7000 troops were sent to help Phillip
reaction of declaration of war from the nobility
Members of the nobility were enthusiatic about the prospect of war as it offered a way for those who had fallen out of favour with the Queen due to links with Edward’s reign to gain some credit with the crown
what battle was forth with France and when
The Battle of St Quentin in 1557
what happened initially with the war with France
The campaign had a promising start as they defeated the French at the Battle of St Quentin
what happened later in the war and when
The campaign soon turned into a disaster as the French launched a surprise attack on Calais in 1558
outcome of the French counter attack
The 2000 english troops stood no chance against against the 27,000 French troops and they captured calais in 3 weeks
what happened with the loss of calais
No attempt was made to recapture Calais
how was the loss of Calais made more humiliating
They were even more humiliated when peace negotiations started between Phillip and Henry in 1558, which brought the Habsburg - Valois conflict to an end and Phillip made no attempt to use the treaty to recover Calais for England
how significant was the loss of Calais
Although Calais would have been impossible to defend in the long term, it was a terrible blow to their national pride, as Calais represented the last English stronghold in France.
what did the loss of Calais symbolise
Its loss symbolised the limited role that the country had to play in European affairs and how her marriage was more of a convenience to Spain than for England
economic significance of the loss of Calais
Calais was a trade area, part of mainland France. Losing it lifted financial pressure created from the cost of sending soldiers to defend and garrison it
diplomatic significance of the loss of calais
It greatly affected her relations with France and her court. It went against the neutrality terms of the Treaty of Boulogne. The main reason her court opposed the marriage was because Phillip would drag them into wars and they were proven right
how did the loss of Calais affect their image and morale
It affected her image internationally - threatened the treaty of Boulogne, military victory was short-lived and it showed the inadequacies of the army as they failed to protect Calais. Affected her image domestically - affected her relationship with the nobility who opposed the marriage to Phillip. Lost land that had been there for centuries.
military significance of the loss of calais
The inadequacies of the military highlighted the need for reform which was implemented. N. had reduced the size of the military and ships which may have affected their ability to win.
modernisation of the army
There was a complete reorganisation of the administration and finance of the Navy
how did Mary modernise warships
She rebuilt 6 new warships that had been decommissioned under N and repaired others, by 1558 the fleet was at the level it was at the end of Henry VIII’s reign.
how did she use Crown finances to modernise the army
Crown finances budgeted for a peace-time allocation of £14,000 to the Navy
how did she reform the methods for raising troops
Mary reformed the methods that were used for raising troops which was important in a country that lacked a standing army
what acts were used to modernise the army
The 1558 Militia Act created a commission of muster with the responsibility for organising the recruitment of regional militias in wartime
The Arms Act established better procedures for supplying weapons to the royal forces
john guy’s interpretation of the modernisation of the army
‘a landmark in English Military Organisation’
what did Modernisation of the Army under Mary mean for Elizabeth
The reforms provided the basis for the organisation of the army that gave Elizabeth the means to resist Spain. It had positive long term consequences
