Foreign Policy

Question 1

Somerset Foreign Policy Aims

Answer 1

1. Main priority was Scotland, he wanted to create a political union between England and Scotland through the marriage of Prince Edward and MQS as this was in Henry’s will
2. Wanted to complete the rough wooing of Scotland that had started during Henry VIII’s reign
3. Wanted to avoid war withh France and maintain good relations with Spain

Question 2

Relations with France - somerset

Answer 2

Somerset wanted to tighten the alliance and isolate Scotland. However French king Francis I died in 1547 and the new king Henry II was aggressive and keen to assert himself. He didn’t want an alliance with England, instead he renewed the Anglo-Scottish auld alliance and sent 4,000 troops to Scotland in June 1547

Question 3

what did Someset do as a result of Henry

Answer 3

Somerset had to intervene in Scotland

Question 4

what was somerset’s chosen strategy with Scotland

Answer 4

His chosen strategy was to defeat the Scots in battle, build and garrison the borders and south of Scotland to force the Scots into submission

Question 5

what battle did somerset fight against the Scots

Answer 5

The Battle of Pinkie 1547

Question 6

what did somerset launch and when - Scotland

Answer 6

In Sept 1547 he launched a joint naval and land invasion.

Question 7

what did Somsert invade with - Scotland

Answer 7

He invaded with 16,000 infantry, 4000 calvaries, 30 warships and 50 supply ships

Question 8

events of the Scottish invasion

Answer 8

His army confronted Scotland in Edinburgh at the battle of Pinkie and defeated them, though the Scottish army was large it was poorly equipped compared to the English, this gave Somerset control of the borders

Question 9

why did Somerset use garrisons

Answer 9

Somerset knew that invading Scotland with just troops was expensive, ineffective and did not maintain constant pressure. He needed a plan that would put pressure on the Scots to agree to the marriage alliance

Question 10

how many garrisons did Somerset create

Answer 10

He created 25 garrisons and had a plan for 14 more, it was held down with 10,000 troops

Question 11

How did Henry II respond when Somerset invaded Scotland?

Answer 11

Somerset underestimated the amount of cooperation between Scotland and France. In June 1548 Henry II sent 10,000 French troops to Scotland and built up forces around Boulogne. Somerset failed to block the Fifth of Forth properly thereby enabling the French to relieve Boulogne

Question 12

what happened as a result of French intervention in Scotland in 1548

Answer 12

The French gained control of MQS, who was taken to France in Aug 1548 to marry the Dauphin, Francis II, heir to the French throne

Question 13

success of Somerset’s foreign policy

Answer 13

He won the battle of Pinkie
Garrisons were an effective and cheap way of giving S. control of all the border regions

Question 14

weaknesses of Somerset’s foreign policy - 10

Answer 14

1. Garrisons forced Scotland to look to the French for help
2. He had the opportunity to invade Scotland fully but was too cautious
3. FP cost £600,000 which the crown couldn’t afford
4. FP cemented links between France and Scotland with the marriage
5. He engaged in a military strategy that proved unaffordable at a time of financial pressure
6. He created a fear of invasion from France, he had to withdraw troops from Scotland to protect the South Coast
7. He failed to fulfil his political objective which was political union through marriage
8. His FP caused resentment about his style of government, though this can be argued to be largely due to his failure to put down the rebellion and his style of government but his failed expedition in Scotland exacerbated it.
9. Forts proved difficult and expensive to garrison
10. England could not capture significant castles at Dunbar and Edinburgh

Question 15

Northumberland foreign policy aims

Answer 15

1. Neutralise threat of invasion
2. Deal with internal problems in England
3. Restore Crown finances by avoiding expensive wars
4. Peace with France and Scotland

Question 16

what did Northumberland do with Foreign Policy and why

Answer 16

Northumberland changed the direction of foreign policy. He was willing to sacrifice influence in Scotland to concentrate on urgent internal problems in England. He also realised that future friendship with France might be valuable if the main enemy was seen as Spain and the HRE which were both ruled by hardline Catholic Charles V.

Question 17

Northumberland and France - what battle was worn against France under N and when

Answer 17

England has defeated the French in the 1549 battle in the Channel Islands

Question 18

N and France after the war

Answer 18

England couldn’t keep the war agoing as it was too expensive and so Lord Russel was sent to France in Jan 1550 to negotiate peace.

Question 19

who was sent to France to negotiate peace and when

Answer 19

Lord Russel in Jan 1550

Question 20

what was the outcome of Lord Russel’s visit to France

Answer 20

His visit in 1550 led to the treaty of boulogne

Question 21

date of the treaty of boulogne

Answer 21

March 1550

Question 22

terms of the treaty of boulogne - 5

Answer 22

1. Boulogne had to be given up to the French in exchange for 400,000 crowns (£133,333)
2. Edward was to marry Elizabeth (daughter of Henry II) and a dowry was agreed
3. England was to pull out all troops and garrisons from Scotland
4. Lost the French Pension
5. England agreed to stay neutral in foreign wars

Question 23

Northumberland and Scotland

Answer 23

He removed the garrisons in Scotland which gave the French control. However many Scots did not want to become a province of France, so they considered peace.

Question 24

what did N make himself, why, when and what was the outcome

Answer 24

After many negotiations, N made himself General Warden of the North in order to take control and created a border line in 1552 in order to create peace, which he inspected personally

Question 25

what was special about the border line N created with Scotland

Answer 25

The border was to be the line held before Henry VIII’s Scottish campaign

Question 26

what did Charles V rule over

Answer 26

Charles V ruled over the HRE, Spain and the Netherlands.

Question 27

what happened to English relations with the HRE under N and why

Answer 27

English relations with the HRE deteriorated because of the Treaty of Boulogne and protestant change in england

Question 28

what did Charles V fear

Answer 28

Charles feared a joint invasion from France and England and if France were to attack Spain - England would not intervene

Question 29

what broke down with the Netherlands and why

Answer 29

Charles was unhappy about the religious change in England and he prosecuted protestants in the Netherlands, this led to a breakdown of Trade which had been protected by the Magnus Intercuses since 1496

Question 30

when was Trade with the Netherlands restored

Answer 30

Trade was restored in 1552 because it was affecting the HRE’s economy

Question 31

what did Charles consider doing and when

Answer 31

Charles considered invading England in 1551

Question 32

how successful was Northumberland’s foreign policy

Answer 32

1. He was able to reduce foreign policy expenditure by ending the war with France and Scotland which helped stabilise the crown’s finances
2. The loss of Boulogne was a humiliating defeat as they had been English possession but he was right to lose it as it had no real value to England and it improved the crown’s financial position
3. Lost regular payment - french pension