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Anatomy Final Exam > Forebrain Anatomy and Limbic System > Flashcards

Forebrain Anatomy and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the Diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus: pineal gland, habenula, few other things

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus

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2
Q

During development the hypothalamic sulcus used to be________

A

???????

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3
Q

What are the functions of the pineal gland?

A

Secretes melatonin, released during darkness, regulate sleep-wake cycles

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4
Q

Describe the Habenula

A

Paired, near base of pineal gland

  • Major input: stria medullaris, limbic input
  • Major output: habenulointerpeduncular tract (fasciculus retroflexus) to midbrain RF

(habenulointerpeduncular tract is important in dreams????)

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5
Q

What are the borders of the thalamus

A

Lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, Internal capsule? and ????

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6
Q

Is the thalamus all sensory?

A

It is mostly sensory with one exception: Has some olfaction pathways??

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7
Q

Name the thalamic nuclei

A

Anterior division: Anterior nucleus (AN)

Medial division: Dorsomedial(DM) aka (medial dorsal (MD)

Lateral division:

  • Dorsal tier: lateral dorsal (LD), lateral posterior (LP), pulvinar
  • Ventral tier: ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL), ventral posterior ( lateral (VPL)), and medial and lateral geniculates (MGN, LGN)

Intralaminar: Centromedian, parafascicular, etc

Reticular nucleus

Midline nuclei

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8
Q

All thalamic nuclei (except reticular) are based on the same general theme. What do they consist of?

A

All consist of:

  • Projection neurons: provide output from thalamus
  • interneurons, small inhibitory

Proportions vary from nucleus to nucleus

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9
Q

What are the two types of thalamic inputs?

A

Specific inputs and Regulatory inputs

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10
Q

Describe Specific inputs to the thalamus

A

Specific inputs: convey info a thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to cortex (or other places)
- example: medial lemniscus to VPL or optic tract to LGN

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11
Q

Describe regulatory inputs to the thalamus

A

Regulatory inputs: thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed on to cortex

Can come from cerebral cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus and reticular formation

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12
Q

Name the 3 types of thalamic nuclei

A

Relay nuclei, Association nuclei, and intralaminar/ midline nuclei

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13
Q

Describe the relay nuclei of the thalamus

A

Relay nuclei: receive well defined specific input from a subcortical source (e.g. medial lemniscus) and project to a well defined area of cortex (e.g. somatosensory cortex)

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14
Q

Describe the association nuclei of the thalamus

A

Association nuclei: Receive specific inputs from association cortex (e.g. prefrontal cortex) and project back

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15
Q

Describe the intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus

A

Intralaminar and midline nuclei: Receive distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures)

Project to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures.

(They do not receive input from the cortex)

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16
Q

Describe the reticular nucleus of the thalamus

A

Important source of regulatory input to thalamus

No projections to cortex
- unlike all other thalamic nuclei

Input: cortex and thalamus

Output: inhibitory axons to thalamus

Nucleus is a sheet of neurons, covers thalamus, axons must traverse nucleus to enter/ leave thalamus and send collaterals to it

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17
Q

Match the thalamic nuclei with its function

A

Medial geniculate: Relay nucleus for hearing
Lateral geniculate: Relay nucleus for vision
Ventral posterior medial: Sensory relay nucleus for the face
Ventral posterior lateral: Sensory relay nucleus for the body
Ventral anterior: Motor relay nucleus
Ventral lateral: Motor relay nucleus
Anterior: relay nucleus for the limbic system
Intralaminar: Component of reticular activating system

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18
Q

Name the sensory, motor, and limbic system relay nuclei

A

Sensory: VPL and VPM

Motor: VA and LA

Limbic: Anterior, and LD

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19
Q

Name the two main association nuclei of the thalamus

A

DM and Pulvinar nuclei

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20
Q

Describe the dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus

A

It projects from the prefrontal cortex

- forsight, affect?

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21
Q

Describe the parietal-occipital-temporal: Pulivinar-LP complex

A

Function largely unknown; may be involved in visual perception or attention

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22
Q

Describe the internal capsule (IC)

A

Thalamocortical and corticothalamic fibers pass thru it

Almost all fibers going to and from the cortex pass thru it

Collects and forms the cerebral peduncle down which corticopontine, corticobulbar, and corticospinal fibers descend.

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23
Q

What is the Lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen and the globus pallidus

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24
Q

What are the 5 parts of the internal capsule?

A

Based on relationship to lenticular nucleus:

  1. ) Anterior limb: lenticular nucleus, caudate
  2. ) Posterior limb: lenticular nucleus, thalamus
  3. ) Genu: between A and P limbs
  4. ) Retrolenticular: behind lenticular nucleus
  5. ) Sublenticular part: beneath lenticular nucleus (not seen in horizontal sections
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25
Q

What thalamic nuclei project through the Anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A
  1. ) Anterior nucleus–> cingulate gyrus

2. ) DM–> prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

What thalamic nuclei project through the Posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A
  1. ) VA/VL–> motor areas
  2. ) Motor areas–> brainstem, spinal cord??
  3. )VPL/VPM–> somatosensory cortex
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27
Q

What thalamic nuclei project through the Retrolenticular area of the internal capsule?

A
  1. ) MGN–> auditory cortex

2. ) Pulvinar/LP –> parietal-occipital-temportal cortex

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28
Q

What thalamic nuclei project through the Sublenticular area of the internal capsule?

A
  1. ) LGN–> visual cortex
    - Sublenticular- superior visual field also temportal association-pulvinar??
    - Retrolenticular- inferior visual field
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29
Q

What is the most important area of the internal capsule clinically?

A

The posterior limb

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30
Q

Give an overview of the limbic system

A

Generates feelings/ emotions from sensory inputs, evolved to promote survival so variable depending on physiologic needs

Limbic system includes parts of brain that are primarily concerned with these functions

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus (limbic lobe), amygdala, hippocampus, etc

Bridges autonomic/ voluntary responses to environmental changes
- Hypothalamus and cerebral cortex also involve

31
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus: Critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains physiological range or homeostasis

32
Q

What are the 3 main connections of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. ) interconnected with limbic system
  2. ) Output to pituitary gland
  3. ) interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei.
33
Q

Describe the Longitudinal organization of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior region, tuberal region, and posterior region.

34
Q

Describe the medial-lateral organization of the hypothalamus

A
  1. ) Lateral zone: rostral continuation of reticular formation
    - nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)
  2. ) Periventricular zone: rostral continuation of periaqueductal gray
    - contains nuclei and tracts (dorsal longitudinal fasciculus)

3.) Medial zone: nuclei

35
Q

Name the six Hypothalamic nuclei that we are responsible for in this class

A
  1. ) Superchiasmatic
  2. ) Arcuate
  3. ) Paraventricular
  4. ) Supraoptic
  5. ) Lateral preoptic
  6. ) Tuberomammillary
36
Q

Name the location and function of the Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the Anterior region in the Periventricular zone

It gets direct retinal input; master clock of our circadian rhythms. Has a 25 hour period that is rest by amount of daylight. Also has melatonin receptors and is responsive to pineal gland activity

37
Q

Name the location and function of the Arcuate nucleus

A

The Arcuate nucleus is located in the tuberal region in the Periventricular zone

It is involved in feeding behaviors

38
Q

Name the location and function of the Supraoptic nucleus

A

Supraoptic nucleus is found in the Anterior region in the medial zone

It creates and releases elaborate hormones that travel down axons and are released in the neurohypophysis

39
Q

Name the location and function of the paraventricular nucleus

A

Paraventricular nucleus is found in the Anterior region in the medial zone

It creates and releases elaborate hormones that travel down axons and are released in the neurohypophysis

40
Q

Name the location and function of the Lateral preoptic nucleus

A

The lateral preoptic nucleus is found in the anterior region in the lateral zone

It promotes sleep

41
Q

Name the location and function of the Tuberomammillary nucleus

A

The tuberomammillary nucleus: diffuse histaminergic projections to cerebral cortex and thalamus. Activity of these projections is likely inhibited by some type of antihistamine drugs.

42
Q

Describe the hypothalamic inputs in general

A

They come from many different places, but 2 general areas are key

  • Parts of the forebrain, especially the limbic system
    • Convey info needed for the hypothalamus to mediate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional states
  • Brainstem and spinal cord
    • Convey visceral and sensory information.
43
Q

Describe the specific hypothalamic inputs from the Forebrain (Limbic structures)

A
  1. ) Septal nuclei
  2. ) Ventral striatum
  3. ) Insula, orbitofrontal cortex
    - all about from MFB (medial forebrain bundle)
  4. ) Hippocampus
    - via the fornix
  5. ) Amygdala
    - via the stria terminalis (ST), and ventral amygdalofugal pathway (VAP)
44
Q

Describe the specific hypothalamic inputs from the spinal cord and brainstem

A
  1. ) many inputs use the medial forebrain bundle, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)
  2. ) Other pathways as well, e.g. STT (spinal thalamic tract) collaterals
45
Q

Describe the hypothalamic outputs

A

The outputs use many of the same pathways used by inputs

Cortical outputs end diffusely

46
Q

What pituitary lobe does the hypothalamus control

A

It controls the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis.

47
Q

What is the action of antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)?

A

Increases water reabsorption

decreases urine output

48
Q

What is the action of Oxytocin?

A

Contraction of the uterus and other smooth muscles

49
Q

Distinguish the Amygdala from the Hippocampus

A

Amygdala= more involved with emotional responses

Hippocampus= learning and memory

50
Q

What are the structures of the limbic system?

A

Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, nearby cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, septal nuclei

  • Some also include the hypothalamus, olfactory areas, midbrain RF, and PAG
51
Q

The amygdala uses what as a liaison to the neocortex?

A

The ventromedial prefrontal, anterior temporal and insular cortex

  • dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
52
Q

The hippocampus uses what as a liaison to the neocortex?

A

Posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex

  • anterior nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies
53
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

The amygdala is located in the anterior, medial temporal lobe

It merges with the periamygdaloid cortex; part of the uncal surface

54
Q

What are the 3 nuclear groups of the amygdala?

A
  1. ) Medial- olfaction
  2. ) Central- hypothalamic, PAG; emotional responses
  3. ) Basolateral- cortex; central nuclei; emotional responses
55
Q

Name the 4 routes of amygdala inputs

A
  1. ) Stria teminalis: from hypothalamus and septal nuclei
  2. ) Ventral amygdalofugal pathway; from thalamus hypothalamus, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex
  3. ) Lateral olfactory tract: olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex
  4. ) Directly from temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus
56
Q

Describe the amygdala outputs

A

Fibers leave the amygdala through the stria teminalis and VAG pathway

Amygdala output to the ventral striatum (VS) is believed to be a means for drive related information to influence decisions about movement.

57
Q

Describe the limbic loop in the basal ganglia

A

Drive-related information to influence movement/ behavior

Associate stimuli with rewards

Pleasure results in increase ventral striatum(VS) dopamine release.

58
Q

The Amygdala receives input from what structures

A
  1. ) Thalamus and cortex: inform the amygdala about situations or objects in the environment
  2. ) Hypothalamus and limbic system inform the amygdala about current physiologic and emotional state
59
Q

The Amygdala outputs to____

A
  1. ) Ventral striatum, hypothalamus and brainstem: initiates emotional response
  2. ) Cortex: increases awareness
  3. ) Limbic system: contributes to emotional experience.
60
Q

How is the amygdala involved in the emotion-related aspects of learning

A

The amygdala links perception of object/ situation with correct emotional response, especially in (but not limited to ) the case of danger.

61
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A

1.) Bilateral temporal love injury, involves amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus

  1. ) Fearless, placid, no emotional reactions, don’t respond to treats from others, don’t flee from threats
    - amygdala damage
  2. ) Males become hypersexual, indiscriminate; inanimate objects, different species
    - amygdala damage

4.) Inordinate attention to all sensory stimuli, sniff and exam everything orally. If possible to eat they will eat it

  1. ) May pick up the same object repeatedly as they seem to recognize nothing (visual agnosia)
    - visual association cortex damaage
62
Q

What would be the effects of bilateral hippocampi?

A

Bilateral removal of hippocampi impaired declarative memory, could not form new

  • episodic memories (past personal experiences)
  • semantic memories (ideas and concept not related to personal experience) e.g. stat capitals
  • working memory would still be intact and you could learn new skills

(Henry Molaison was the example given in class)

63
Q

What is one of the first areas to degenerate in alzheimers?

A

The entorhinal cortex

64
Q

How does the fornix relate to the hippocampus?

A

The fornix has a long course under the corpus callosum and it is an important hippocampal output pathway

65
Q

What structures to we commonly refer to as “interlocking C’s”

A

The dentate and hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis) are 2 interlocking C’s

66
Q

What are the 3 zones of the hippocampus?

A
  1. ) Dentate gyrus
  2. ) Hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis)
  3. ) Subiculum, transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex
67
Q

What is the major output of the hippocampus?

A

Subiculum is the major output of the hippocampus

68
Q

Describe the input and output of the hippocampus

A
  1. ) afferent fibers from sensory cortex
  2. ) Entorhinal cortex projects to dentate gyrus
    - perforant pathway
  3. ) Dentate neuron projects to CA3
  4. ) CA3 neuron projects into fimbria and CA1
  5. )CA1 neuron projects to subiculum
  6. ) subiculum projects to fimbria
    - alvear pathway
  7. ) Subicular neuron projects to entorhinal cortex
  8. ) entorhinal neuron projects to sensory cortex.
69
Q

What is the perforant pathway?

A

Entorhinal cortex projections to the dentate gyrus

70
Q

What is the Alvear pathway?

A

Subiculum projections to the fimbria

71
Q

Describe afferents to the hippocampus

A
  1. ) The entorhinal cortex is the main source of afferents; it gets info from olfactory (minor) and many other areas (major)
  2. ) Input from septal nuclei is modulatory in nature: affects chances that information in hippocampus will be retained.
72
Q

Describe efferent from the hippocampus

A

Outputs mostly from subiculum; some go to entorhinal cortex, but most go thru fornix

73
Q

Describe Papex Circuit

A

Interactions among limbic structures, cortex and hypothalamus

Papex proposed that emotional experience were processed

Memory

74
Q

describe the papez circuit in detail

A

Hippocampus- to fornix- mammillary body to anterior nucleus of the thalamus to cingulate gyrus to the parahipocampal gyrus then back the hipocampus

Anatomy Final Exam (2 decks)

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