Forearm, Wrist and Hand

Question 1

Anconeus

Answer 1

Proximal attachments: posterior aspect of lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Distal attachments: lateral aspect of the olecranon process of the ulna. Innervation: Radial nerve (C6 - C8). Main Functions: Assists in extending the elbow joint and stabilising the elbow joint.

Question 2

Brachoradialis

Answer 2

Proximal attachments: lateral supraepiconlylar ridge. Distal attachments: base of lateral radial styloid process. Innervation: radial nerve. Main functions: FLEXOR at the elbow, most effective in mid-pronation (e.g lifting, carrying or stabilising objects)

Question 3

Supinator

Answer 3

Proximal attachments: Lateral epicondyle of the of the humerus, and the fossa of the ulna. Distal attachments: Lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of the proximal one-third of the radius. Innervation: deep branch of the radial nerve. Main functions: supination.

Question 4

Pronator teres

Answer 4

• ulnar head - Proximal attachment: coronoid process of the ulna. Distal attachment: Pronator tuberosity of the radius. Innervation: Median nerve. Main functions: pronates forearm of the at radioulnar joint
• humeral head - Proximal attachment: medial supraepicondyle head on the humerus. Distal attachment: pronator tuberosity of the radius. Innervation: Median nerve. Main functions: pronates forearm at the radioulnar joint

Question 5

Pronator quadratus

Answer 5

Proximal attachments: distal quarter of the anterior surface of the ulna. Distal attachments: distal quarter of the anterior surface of the radius. Innervation: median nerve, Main functions: primary pronator of the forearm, stabilises the distal radioulnar joint.

Question 6

Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)

Answer 6

• flexes and deviates the ulna from the wrist
  
  • humeral head - Proximal attachments: common flexor origin of the humerus. Distal attachments: pisiform, hamate (hook, via the pisohamate ligament), 5th metacarpal (base, via pisometacarpal ligament). Innervation: ulnar nerve. Main functions: flexor at the wrist [tendon is deflected by the pisiform bone, increasing the moment of arm flexion - and ulnar deviation).
  • ulnar head - Proximal attachments: medial border of the olecranon process and via an aponeurosis to the posterior border of the ulna. Distal attachments: pisiform, hamate (hook, via the pisohamate ligament), 5th metacarpal (base, via pisometacarpal ligament). Innervation: ulnar nerve. Main functions: flexor at the wrist [tendon is deflected by the pisiform bone, increasing the moment of arm flexion - and ulnar deviation).

Question 7

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)

Answer 7

Proximal attachments: common flexor origin of the humerus. Distal attachments: anterior aspects of the bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. Innervation: ulnar nerve. Main functions: flexes and radially deviates the wrist.

Question 8

Palmaris Longus

Answer 8

Proximal attachments: distal attachments: distally to the palmar aponeurosis innervation: Median nerve (C7 and C8) Main functions: weak flexor at the wrist joint.

Question 9

Flexor digitorum supreficialis (FDS)

Answer 9

• main functions: flexes the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second to fifth digits. assists with flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint. it is able to flex one proximal interphalangeal at a time.
  
  • humeral head - Proximal attachments: medial epicondyle of the humerus (via the common flexor tendon). Distal attachments: anterior surfaces of the middle phalanges of the 4 medial digits. Innervation: ulnar nerve.
    
    • ulnar head proximal attachments: coronoid process of the ulna. Distal attachments: anterior surfaces of the middle phalanges of the 4 medial digits. Innervation: ulnar nerve.
  • radial head - proximal attachments: anterior border of the radius. Distal attachments: anterior surfaces of the middle phalanges of the 4 medial digits. Innervation: ulnar nerve

Question 10

Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

Answer 10

Proximal attachment: medial and anterior surfaces of ulnar shaft, medial aspect of olecranon process and via an aponeurosis to posterior border, interoesseos membrane. Distal attachments: bases of the distal phalanges of the 4 medial digits. Innervation: ulnar nerve . Main functions: flexor of all the metacarpal joints as well as the proximal and distal IP joints of the fingers. Also flexes at the wrist joint.

Question 11

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)

Answer 11

Proximal attachments: anterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane. Distal attachments: base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation: median nerve. Main functions: flexes both the MCP and IP joints of the thumb.

Question 12

what are the flexor muscles of the forearm and what groups do they belong to?

Answer 12

superficial;
-flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis, palmarus longus, pronator teres
intermediate;
-flexor digitorum superficialis
deep;
-flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

Question 13

what are the extensor muscles of the forearm and what groups do they belong to?

Answer 13

superficial;
-brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus
deep;
-supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicies, extensor pollicis brevis

Question 14

extensor carpi radialis longus

Answer 14

proximal attachment; distal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge
distal attachment; dorsal surface of metacarpal 2
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend and abduct wrist

Question 15

extensor carpi radialis brevis

Answer 15

proximal attachment; lateral epicondyle
distal attachment; dorsal surface of metacarpal 2 and 3
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend and abduct wrist

Question 16

extensor digitorum

Answer 16

proximal attachment; lateral epicondyle
distal attachment; 4 tendons insert via extensor hoods in dorsal aspects of middle and distal phalanges of 4 fingers (no thumb)
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend 4 fingers and wrist

Question 17

extensor digiti minimi

Answer 17

proximal attachment; lateral epicondyle of humerus with extensor digitorum
distal attachment; tubercule on base of medial side of metacarpal 5
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend pinky winky

Question 18

extensor carpi ulnaris

Answer 18

proximal attachment; lateral epicondyle and posterior border of ulna
distal attachment; tubercule on base of medial side of metacarpal 5
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend and abduct wrist

Question 19

abductor pollicis longus

Answer 19

proximal attachment; posterior surface f ulna and radius (distal to anconeus)
distal attachment; lateral side of base of metacarpal 1
innervation; radial nerve
function; abduct cmc thumb joint, accessory in thumb extension

Question 20

extensor pollicis brevis

Answer 20

proximal attachment; posterior surface of radius
distal attachment; dorsal surface of proximal phalanx of thumb
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend interphalangeal joint of thumb, cmc joint of thumb

Question 21

extensor pollicis longus

Answer 21

proximal attachment; posterior surface of ulna
distal attachment; dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of thumb
innervation; radial nerve
function; extend interphalangeal joint of thumb, cmc and mcp joints of thumb

Question 22

extensor indicis

Answer 22

proximal attachment; posterior surface of ulna
distal attachment; index finger extensor hood
innervation; radial nerve
function; index finger extension

Question 23

list the proximal carpal bone row from most lateral to most medial from an anterior view

Answer 23

schapoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Question 24

list the distal row of carpal bones from most lateral to most medial from an anterior view

Answer 24

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 25

describe phalanges in the thumb and the fingers

Answer 25

2 in thumb (distal and proximal phalanx) 2 in digits (+middle phalanx)

Question 26

what are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

Answer 26

lateral=abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons medial=extensor pollicis longus floor=scaphoid and trapezium roof=skin and superficial fascia

Question 27

what are the borders for the cubital fossa

Answer 27

brachioradialis laterally, pronator teres muscle medially, imaginary line id assume that is between the epicondyles of the humerus, floor is brachialis, roof is skin and superficial fascia

Question 28

what contents pass through the cubital fossa

Answer 28

tendon of biceps brachiiiiiiiiii brachial artery/bifurfactes at apex into radial and ulnar arteries median nerve

Question 29

palmar aponeurosis

Answer 29

triangle deep fascia from palmaris longus longitudinal fibres to digits (lesser extent in thumb) transverse between logitudnal in palm

Question 30

list the intrinsic muscles of the hand

Answer 30

palmaris brevis dorsal interossei palmar interossei adductor pollicis lumbricals

Question 31

palmaris brevis

Answer 31

proximal attachment; palmar apop and flexor ret. distal attachment; dermis on medial margin of hand innervation; superficial ulnar branch function; improve grip

Question 32

dorsal introssei

Answer 32

proximal attachment; adjacnt side of metacarpals distal attachment; extensor hood and base of prox phalanges of middle 3 fingers innervation; deep ulnar branch function; abduction of 3 fingers at mcp joints

Question 33

palmar interossei

Answer 33

proximal attachment; side of metacarpals distal attachment; extensor hoods of all fingers except get the one you flip off innervation; deep branch ulnar function; adduction of 4 fingers

Question 34

adductor pollicis

Answer 34

proximal attachment; metacarpal 2, 3, capitate distal attachment; base of proximal phalanx and thumb extensor hood innervation; deep ulnar branch function; thumb adduction

Question 35

lumbricals

Answer 35

proximal attachment; tendons of flexor digitorum profundus distal attachment; extensor hoods of 4 fingers except thumb innervation; medial for index and rude, ulnar for ring and pinky function; flex mcp and extend interphalangeal joints

Question 36

list the thenar muscles

Answer 36

opponens pollicis abductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis

Question 37

opponens pollicis

Answer 37

proximal attachment; trapezum and flexor retinACKulous distal attachment; lateral margin and adjacent palmar surface of metacarpal 1 innervation; median nerve recurrent branch function; thumb medial rotation

Question 38

abductor pollicis brevis

Answer 38

proximal attachment; scaphoid, trapezium, flexor retinaculhowmanydifferentmusclesdoweneedtoknow distal attachment; proximal phalanx and extensor hood of thumb innervation; median recurrent branch function; abduct thumb at mcp joint

Question 39

flexor pollicis brevis

Answer 39

proximal attachment; trapezius and flexor retinaculum distal attachment; thumb proximal phalanx innervation; median recurrent branch function; flex thumb at mcp joint

Question 40

list the hypothenar muscles

Answer 40

opponens digiti minimi abductor digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi

Question 41

opponens digiti minimi

Answer 41

proximal attachment; hamate hook and flexor ret distal attachment; medial aspect of metacarpal 5 innervation; ulnar deep branch function; laterally rotate metacarpal 5

Question 42

abductor digiti minimi

Answer 42

proximal attachment; pisiform, flexor carpi ulnaris tendon distal attachment; pinky proximal phalanx innervation; ulnar deep branch function; abduct pinky at mcp joint

Question 43

flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 43

proximal attachment; hamate hook and flexor ret distal attachment; pinky proximal phalanx innervation; ulnar deep branch function; flex pinky at mcp joint

Question 44

list ligaments of the wrist

Answer 44

palmar radiocarpal and ulnocarpal ligaments dorsal radiocarpal ligament radial and ulnar collatral ligament

Question 45

metacarpophalangeal joints

Answer 45

condyloid biaxial flex, extend, abduct adduct

Question 46

carpometacarpal joints

Answer 46

1st is saddle, rest plane

Question 47

phalangeal joints

Answer 47

interphalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints hinge synovial allow flexion and extension

Question 48

extensor hood

Answer 48

tendon of extensor digitorum and pollicis longus muscles pass onto dorsal aspect of fingy wingys apex attached to distal phalanx, central region to middle phalanx (proximal for thumb), each corer wrapped around mcp joint