Forearm, Elbow, Humerus Flashcards
AP Forearm positioning
Seated at the end of the table.
Hand Supinated. (Leaned forward)
Elbow extended.
IR long axis parallel with forearm.
IR centered mid forearm.
Humoral epicondyles equidistant from IR.
AP Forearm Central Ray (CR)
Enters perpendicular to the midpoint of the forearm.
AP Forearm Collimation
2” distal to wrist joint and proximal to elbow joint.
1” on the sides
Place side marker in collimation field.
AP Forearm Structures Shown
Entire Forearm, wrist & distal humerus.
Slight imposition of radial head, neck and tuberosity over proximal ulna.
No elongation or foreshortening of humeral epicondyles.
Partially open elbow joint.
Open radioulnar space.
Bony Trabecular detail and surrounding soft tissue.
Lateral Forearm positioning
Seated at end of table.
Elbow flexed 90° with medial side against IR.
Long axis of IR parallel with forearm.
Adjust extremity to be true lateral (hand sandwich) to ensure epicondyles and styloid processes are superimposed and perpendicular to IR.
Thumb side up.
Lateral Forearm Central Ray (CR)
Enters perpendicular to the midpoint of the forearm.
Lateral Forearm Collimation
2” distal to wrist and proximal to elbow
1” on the sides
Lateral Forearm Structures Shown
Entire Forearm, wrist and distal humerus.
Superimposition of radius/ulna at distal end.
Superimposition for radial head over coronoid process.
Radial tuberosity facing anteriorly
Super imposed epicondyles.
Flexed elbow 90°
Bony trabecular and surrounding soft tissue.
AP Elbow positioning
Extend the elbow, center elbow on IR
IR long axis parallel with long axis of part.
Patient lean laterally until epicondyles and anterior surface of elbow at parallel to the IR
Supinate the hand
AP elbow central ray (CR)
Perpendicular to the elbow joint.
AP elbow structure shown
Radial head, neck and tuberosity slightly superimposed over the proximal ulnar.
Elbow joint centered to exposure field.
Open humeroradial joint.
No rotation of epicondyles
Bony trabecular detail and surrounding soft tissues
Lateral elbow positioning
Flexed elbow 90°
Place humerus and forearm in contact with IR
Adjust hand and wrist in (true) lateral
IR centered to elbow joint.
Lateral elbow central ray (CR)
Perpendicular to the elbow joint
Lateral elbow Collimation
3” proximal and distal to the elbow joint
Lateral elbow structures shown
Elbow joint centered
Elbow in true lateral
Superimposed, humeral epicondyles.
Radio tuberosity, facing anteriorly
Radiohead partially super imposing the coronoid process
Olecranon process in profile
Elbow flexed 90°
Bony trabecular detail & any elevated fat pads in the soft tissue at the anterior and posterior distal humerus in the anterior proximal forearm
AP humerus positioning
(Upright)
Standing. Adjust the height of the IR to place it upper margin, approximately one and a half inches above the level of the humeral head.
Abduct the arm slightly, and supinate the hand
Chrono plane passing through epicondyles should be parallel with IR plane for the AP or PA projection l
AP humerus central Ray (CR)
Perpendicular to the mid portion of the humerus and the center of the IR.
AP humerus structures shown
Elbow and shoulder joints visible, but slightly distorted due to beam divergence
Humeral epicondyles without rotation
Humeral head and greater tubercle in profile
Outline of lesser tubercle, located between the humeral head, and the greater tubercle
Bony tubercular, detail, and surrounding soft tissue
Lateral humerus positioning
Top margin of the IR approximately 1.5” above the level of the humeral head
Internally rotate the arm flex, the elbow, approximately 90° in place interior hand on hip
Epicondyles should be perpendicular to IR
Lateral humerus central ray (CR)
Perpendicular to the mid portion of the humerus, and the center of the IR.
Lateral humerus Collimation
2” distal to the elbow and superior to the shoulder
1” on the sides
Lateral humerus structure shown
Elbow and shoulder joints visible, but slightly distorted, due to beam divergence
Superimposed humeral epicondyle
Lesser tubercle in profile on medial aspect
Greater tuber super imposed over the Humeral head
Bony tubercular detail, and surrounding soft tissues
AP elbow Collimation
3” proximal and distal to the elbow joint
1” on the sides
AP Humerus Collimation
2” distal to the elbow joint and superior to the shoulder
1” on the sides
