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Anatomy Upper Limb > Forearm > Flashcards

Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

Flexor: Pronator teres muscle

Superficial

A

Origin
Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus
Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna
Insertion
Lateral surface of radius (distal to supinator)
Action
Pronation of forearm at the proximal radioulnar joint, flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint
Innervation
Median nerve (C6, C7)
Blood supply
Branches of brachial, radial and ulnar arteries

Pronator teres syndrome is a neuropathy caused by the compression of median nerve at the proximal aspect of the forearm. Median nerve is usually compressed between two heads of pronator teres muscle. This condition can be caused by acute compressions of the nerve due to inflammation of the muscle (myositis) or injury to the elbow region. The long-term compression is also possible and it’s commonly referred to as the “honeymoon paralysis” since it usually occurs due to the sleeping on the partner’s arm.

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2
Q

Flexor: Flexor carpi radialis muscle

Superficial

A 
Origin
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion
Base of metacarpal bones 2
Action
Wrist joint: Wrist flexion, wrist abduction 
Innervation
Median nerve (C6, C7)
Blood supply
Anterior/posterior recurrent ulnar artery, radial artery
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3
Q

Flexor: Palmaris longus

Superficial

A 
Origin
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion
Flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis
Action
Wrist joint: Wrist flexion;
Tenses palmar aponeurosis

Innervation
Median nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Anterior ulnar recurrent artery

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4
Q

Flexor: Flexor carpi ulnaris

Superficial

A

Origin
Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior border of ulna
Insertion
Pisiform bone, hamate bone, base of metacarpal bone 5
Action
Wrist joint: Wrist flexion, wrist adduction
Innervation
Ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
Blood Supply
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery, ulnar artery

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5
Q

Flexor: Flexor digitorum superificial

Intermediate

A

Origin
Humeroulnar head: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna
Radial head: Proximal half of anterior border of radius
Insertion
Sides of middle phalanges of digits 2-5
Action
Metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger flexion
Innervation
Median nerve (C8, T1)
Blood supply
Ulnar artery, radial artery

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6
Q

Flexor: Flexor digitorum profundus

Deep

A

Origin
Proximal half of anterior surface of ulna, interosseous membrane
Insertion
Palmar surfaces of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Action
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger flexion
Innervation
Lateral muscle bellies of digits 2-3: Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve);
Medial muscle bellies of digits 4-5: Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Blood supply
Ulnar, common interosseous, ulnar collateral, ulnar recurrent, anterior interosseous, median arteries

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7
Q

Flexor: Flexor pollicis longus

Deep

A

Origin
Anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
Insertion
Palmar surface of distal phalanx of thumb
Action
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1;
Thumb flexion
Innervation
Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve C7, C8)
Blood supply
Obturator and medial circumflex femoral arteries.

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8
Q

Flexor: Pronator quadratus

deep

A 
Origins
Distal anterior surface of ulna
Insertion
Distal anterior surface of radius
Actions
Proximal radioulnar joint: Forearm pronation
Innervation
Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve, C7, C8)
Blood supply
Anterior interosseous artery
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9
Q

Extensor: Brachioradialis

Superficial

A

Origin
Proximal two-thirds of Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, lateral intermuscular septum of arm
Insertion
Lateral surface of distal radius and pre-styloid process of radius
Action
Elbow joint: Forearm flexion (when semi pronated)
Innervation
Radial nerve (C5-C6)
Blood supply
Radial artery, radial recurrent arteries, radial collateral artery

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10
Q

Extensor: Extensor carpi radialis longus

Superficial

A

Origin
Lateral lower one-third of supracondylar ridge of humerus, lateral intermuscular septum of arm
Insertion
Posterior aspect of base of metacarpal bone 2
Actions
Wrist joints: Hand extension, hand abduction (radial deviation)
Innervation
Radial nerve (C5-C8)
Blood supply
Radial recurrent artery, radial collateral artery, radial artery

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11
Q

Extensor: Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Superficial

A

Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
Insertion
Posterior aspect of base of metacarpal bone 3
Action
Wrist joints: Hand extension, hand abduction (radial deviation)
Innervation
Radial nerve (C5- C6)
Blood supply
Radial recurrent artery, radial artery, deep brachial artery

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12
Q

Extensor: Extenosr digitorum

Superficial

A

Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
Insertion
Extensor expansions of digits 2-5
Action
Metacarpophalangeal / Interphalangeal joints 2-5: Finger extension
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Posterior interosseous artery, radial recurrent artery, anterior interosseous artery

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13
Q

Extensor: Extensor digiti minimi

Superficial

A

Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
Insertion
Extensor expansion of digit 5
Action
Metacarpophalangeal joint 5: Finger extension
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Radial recurrent artery, anterior interosseous artery, posterior interosseous artery

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14
Q

Extensor: Extensor carpi ulanris

Superficial

A

Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior border of ulna
Insertion
Base of metacarpal bone 5
Action
Wrist joint: Hand extension and adduction
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Radial recurrent artery, posterior interosseous artery

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15
Q

Extensor: Abductor pollicis longus muscle

Deep

A

Origin
Posterior surface of proximal half of radius, ulna and interosseus membrane
Insertion
Base of metacarpal bone 1, (trapezium bone)
Action
Radiocarpal joint: Hand extension;
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb: Thumb abduction and extension
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Anterior interosseous artery, posterior interosseous artery

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16
Q

Extensor: Extensor pollicis brevis

Deep

A

Origin
Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseus membrane
Insertion
Posterior aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Action
Carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint 1: Thumb extension
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Posterior interosseous artery, anterior interosseous artery

17
Q

Extensor: Extensor pollicis longus

Deep

A

Origin
Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseus membrane
Insertion
Posterior aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb
Action
Wrist joints: Weak hand extension
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint of thumb: Thumb extension
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Posterior interosseous artery, anterior interosseous artery

18
Q

Extensor: Extensor indicis

Deep

A 
Origin
Posterior surface of distal third of ulna and interosseus membrane
Insertion
Extensor expansion of index finger
Action
Wrist joints: Weak hand extension
Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of index finger: Finger extension
Innervation
Posterior interosseous
nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Posterior and anterior interosseous artery
19
Q

Extensor: Supinator

Deep

A

Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament, supinator crest of ulna
Insertion
Lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius
Action
Proximal radioulnar joint: Forearm supination
Innervation
Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Blood supply
Radial recurrent artery, posterior interosseous artery, posterior interosseous recurrent artery

20
Q

Extensor: Anconeus

Deep

A 
Origin
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion
Lateral surface of olecranon
Action
Assists in forearm extension at the elbow joint;
Stabilization of elbow joint
Innervation
Radial nerve (C7-C8)
Blood supply
Posterior interosseous recurrent artery
21
Q

Clinical relevance: Wrist drop

A

Wrist drop is a sign of radial nerve injury that has occurred proximal to the elbow.

There are two common characteristic sites of damage:
Axilla – injured via humeral dislocations or fractures of the proximal humerus.
Radial groove of the humerus – injured via a humeral shaft fracture.

The radial nerve innervates all muscles in the extensor compartment of the forearm. In the event of a radial nerve lesion, these muscles are paralysed. The muscles that flex the wrist are innervated by the median nerve, and thus are unaffected. The tone of the flexor muscles produces unopposed flexion at the wrist joint – wrist drop.

22
Q

Anatomical snuffbox

A

Tendons of EPL (medially) and EPB/APL (laterally) form the anatomical snuffbox on the lateral aspect of wrist

Anatomy Upper Limb (7 decks)

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