Forces - Paper 2 Flashcards
Two cars are travelling along a road. The car in front is travelling at 20m/s and has a mass of 800kg. The car behind is travelling at 30m/s and has a mass of 1000kg. The second car collides with the back of the first car and they lock together. Calculate the combined speed of the two cars after the collision.
Total momentum before collision = 46 000 kg m/sTotal momentum after collision = 46 000 kg m/sMomentum = mvv=momentum/mv=46 000/1800v=25.55 m/s
A locomotive of mass 20000kg travelling at 28 m/s heads towards a carriage of mass 8000kg heading in the other direction at 15 m/s. If the carriage rebounds from the collision at a speed of 10m/s then what speed will be the velocity of the locomotive after the collision?
Total momentum before = m1v1 + m2v2
Total momentum before = 440000kgms-1
Total momentum after = 440000kgms-1.
m1v3 + m2v4 = 440000 v3 = 360000/20000 = 18ms-1
What is the similarity and difference between scalars and vectors.
Similarity - they both have magniture
Difference - A vector also has direction
Is density a scalar or vector?
scalar
Is energy a scalar or vector?
scalar
Is force a scalar or vector?
vector
Is momentum scalar or vector?
vector
Is speed a scalar or vector?
scalar
Is velocity a scalar or vector?
vector
Is distance a scalar or vector?
scalar
Is mass a scalar or vector?
scalar
Is acceleration a scalar or vector?
vector
Is time a scalar or vector?
scalar - e.g. 60 seconds
Is displacement a scalar or vector?
vector
What is the equation for momentum?
momentum = mass x velocity
A car of mass 400kg is moving at a speed of 25ms-1. Calculate its momentum.
10000 Kg m/s
If a vehicle has a momentum of 15000 kgms-1 and a speed of 30ms-1, what is its mass?
500 kg
If a vehicle has a momentum of 20000 kgms-1 and a mass of 1500 kg, at what speed is it travelling?
p = 13.33ms-1
State the equation linking force, change in momentum and time
force = change in momentum / time taken
force = mv - mu /t
or
change in momentum = force x time taken
Name 3 safety features that reduce the risk of injury in a car crash.
- Seat belts
- Airbags
- Crumple Zones
Explain how seat belts can reduce injuries to passengers during a crash.
Change in momentum= time taken x force
- The seat belt increases the time of impact which reduces the forces on the body as momentum changes to zero.
- The seat belt stretches which increases the area over which the force acts reducing the pressure on the body.
Explain how airbags can reduce injuries to passengers during a crash.
change in momentum=time x force
- Air bags increase the time taken for the head’s momentum to reach zero, so reduce the forces on it.
- They act a soft cushion and prevent cuts.
Explain how crumple zones can reduce injuries to passengers during a crash.
change in momentum = time x force
- Crumple Zones increase the time it takes for the car to stop. Increasing the time reduces the forces impacting the car and the forces on the passengers inside the car.
What happens to the momentum of a car during a crash?
It reduces to zero in a very short amount of time and therefore exerts a high amount of force on the car.
Why is a full body harness used in a racing car instead of a seatbelt?
- Race cars are faster than ordinary cars and therefore the forces on the body would be greater in a crash.
- The seat belts have a greater surface area and this reduces the pressure on the body.
If a vehicle has a momentum of 20000 kg m/s and a mass of 1500 kg, at what speed is it travelling?
p = mvv = p/mv = 20000/1500p = 13.33 m/s
If a vehicle has a momentum of 16000 kg m/s and a speed of 25m/s, what is its mass?
p = mvm = p/vm = 16000/25m = 640kg
A car of mass 500kg is moving at a speed of 30 m/s. Calculate its momentum.
p = mvp = 500 x 30p = 15000 kgms-1
Describe what is happening in each of the pictures?
picture 1 - downward force (weight) is greater than upward force (air resistance)- sky diver is accelerating
picture 2 - air resistance is increasing so sky diver is acceelerating more slowly
picture 3 - sky diver has reached terminal velocity
When a force acts at an angle to an object it produces a turning effect. What is this called?
A moment
The moment of a force about a fixed point or axis is the turning effect of the force about that point and is measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of the force.
What is the equation for moments?
moment = force x distance of force from pivot
or
moment = F x d
Moment in Nm
Force in N
Distance in M
A beam is laid across a pivot. 200 N is applied to one end of the beam at a distance of 2.5m from the pivot:
moment = 200 x 2.5 = 500 Nm
A beam is laid across a pivot. 400N is applied to one end of the beam at a distance of 3.5m from the pivot.
moment = 400 x 3.5 = 1400 Nm
We can use this equation to calculate the orbital speed:
How fast would a satellite move if it was orbiting at a height of 100km and each orbit took 1.44 hours?