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A Level Physics > Forces and Motion > Flashcards

Forces and Motion Flashcards

1
Q

Speed definition and equation

A

distance travelled
time taken
Speed is defined as the rate of change of displacement

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2
Q

What is instantaneous speed

A

Speed of the car over a very short interval of time

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3
Q

What is acceleration

A

Acceleration of an object is defined as the rate of the change of velocity

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4
Q

Acceleration=

A

change in velocity

time taken

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5
Q

In a Distance time graph what does the gradient represent

A

Speed

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6
Q

In a displacement time graph what does the gradient represent

A

Velocity

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7
Q

In a velocity time graph what does the gradient and area under the graph represent

A

Acceleration and displacement

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8
Q

What are the 5 SUVAT equations

A

v=u+at, s=vt-0.5at2, s=ut + 0.5at2, s=0..5(u+v)t, v2=u2+2as

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9
Q

What is thinking distance

A

The distance travelled between the moment when you first see a reason to stop to the moment when you use the brake.
Speed x reaction time

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10
Q

Braking distance

A

The distance travelled from the time the brake is applied until the vehicle stops

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11
Q

g=

A

The acceleration of free fall =a 9.81ms-2

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12
Q

When is an object said to be in free fall

A

When an object is accelerating under gravity with no other force acting on it

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13
Q

What is terminal velocity

A

When the object has zero acceleration and the speed is constant

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14
Q

Factors affecting reaction time

A

Tiredness, drugs and alcohol, distractions

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15
Q

Factors affecting braking distance

A

Adverse road and weather conditions (wet or icy), poor vehicle conditions (brakes or tyres)

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16
Q

What is a projectile

A

A projectile is an object that is thrown at an angle to the horizontal and therefore moves in both the horizontal and vertical planes

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17
Q

Conditions in projectiles (4)

A

Constant velocity in one direction
Constant acceleration in perpendicular direction
Vertical and horizontal motion are independent of each other
No air resistance

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18
Q

Force equation when mass is constant

A

F=ma

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19
Q

Weight equation

A

W=mg

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20
Q

Unit of force

A

Newton (N) kgms^-2

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21
Q

Weight

A

The gravitational force acting on an object through its centre of mass

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22
Q

Friction

A

The force that arises when two surfaces rub against each other

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23
Q

Drag

A

the resistive force on an object travelling through a fluid

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24
Q

Tension

A

the force within a stretched cable or rope

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25
Upthrust
An upward buoyancy force acting on an object when it is in a fluid
26
Normal contact force
A force arising when one object rests against another
27
Centre of mass
A point through which any externally applied force produces straight line motion but no rotation
28
Centre of gravity
An imaginary point at which the entire weight of an object appears to act
29
Factors affecting drag for an object travelling through air
Speed of object, shape of object, cross sectional area, roughness or texture of object, density of fluid
30
Newtons 1st law of motion
An object will remain at rest or continue to move with constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force
31
Newton’s 2nd law of motion
The net (resultant) force acting on an object is directly proportional to the rate of change of its momentum and is in the same direction
32
Newton’s 3rd law of motion
When two objects interact they exert equal and opposite forces on each other
33
force equation when mass is not constant
Change in momentum | Change in time
34
Linear momentum equation
momentum = mass x velocity
35
Impulse of a force
Force x change in time | Is equal to the area under a force-time graph
36
Principle of conservation of momentum
When objects collide the total momentum before and after the collision is the same For a system of interacting objects the total momentum in a specific direction remains constant as long as no external forces act on the system
37
4 fundamental forces
Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force
38
Density definition and equation
The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume Density = mass Volume
39
Pressure definition and equation
Pressure is the normal force exerted per unit cross sectional area Normal force Cross sectional area
40
Unit of pressure
Pascal is the unit of pressure where 1Pa=1Nm^-2
41
Archimedes principle
The upthrust exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces
42
Pressure in a fluid equation
Height x density x acceleration of free fall
43
Moment of a force
The moment of a force is the turning effect of a force about some axis or point
44
Principle of moments
For a body in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the anti-clockwise moments about any point is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments about the same point
45
Moment equation
Force x distance (perpendicular distance of the line of action of a force from the axis or point of rotation)
46
Couples
A pair of equal and opposite forces acting on a body but on different lines of action
47
Torque
The moment of a couple
48
The principle of conservation of energy
This states that the total energy of a closed system remains constant: energy can never be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form to another
49
Energy definition
The capacity for doing work
50
Kinetic energy equation and definition
0.5 x mass x speed^2 | Energy due to motion of an object with mass
51
Gravitational potential energy equation and definition
Mass x change in height x acceleration of free fall | Energy of an object due to its position in a gravitational field
52
Work done
Force x distance
53
Chemical energy
Energy contained within the chemical bonds between atoms- it can be released when the atoms are rearranged
54
Elastic potential energy
Energy stored in an object as a result of reversible change in its shape
55
Electrical potential energy
Energy of electrical charges due to their position in an electric field
56
Nuclear energy
Energy within the nuclei of atoms it can be released when the particles within the nucleus are rearranged
57
Radiant/electromagnetic energy
Energy associated with all electromagnetic waves stored within the oscillating electric and magnetic fields
58
Sound energy
Energy of mechanical waves due to the movement of the atoms
59
Internal (heat or thermal energy)
The sum of the random potential and kinetic energies of atoms in a system
60
Power definition and equations
Power is the rate of work done or rate of energy transfer Work done Time Constant force x speed
61
Efficiency
Useful output energy x 100% | Total input energy
62
Tensile deformation
This is when tensile forces (produce extension) are exerted causing a change in shape
63
Compressive deformation
This is when compressive forces (shorten the length of an object) are exerted causing a change in shape
64
Extension
This is the increase in length of an object when a tensile force is exerted on it
65
Compression
This is the decrease in length of an object when a compressive force is exerted on it
66
Hooke’s law
The force applied is directly proportional to the extension of the spring unless the limit of proportionality is exceeded Force applied = force constant x extension
67
Tensile stress equation and definition
Tensile stress is defined as the force applied per unit cross sectional area of the wire. Force Cross sectional area
68
Tensile strain equation and definition
Tensile strain is defined as the fractional change in the original length of the wire Extension Original length
69
Young modulus
Tensile stress | Tensile strain
70
Ultimate tensile strength
Maximum stress that a material can withstand before it breaks
71
Brittle
This is the property of a material that does not show plastic deformation and deforms very little under high stress
72
Ductile
This is the property of a material that has a large plastic region in the stress strain graph so can be drawn into wire.
73
Tough
Can take lots of kinetic force
74
Hard
Not easily scratched or dented

A Level Physics (5 decks)

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