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Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scalar? - Forces

A

Scalars are measurements which only have a quantity (size)

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of scalars - Forces

A

Temperature (°C)
Mass (Kg)
Energy (J)

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3
Q

What is a vector? - Forces

A

A vector is a measurement which has both a magnitude (size) and direction

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4
Q

Give 3 examples of vectors - Forces

A

Force (Newtons to the left)
Velocity (m/s forwards)
Momentum (kgm/s backwards)

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5
Q

What is a resultant force? - Forces

A

The single force that can replace all forces acting on an object found by adding all forces together.

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6
Q

What is the resultant force if all forces are balanced? - Forces

A

0 N

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7
Q

If 2 forces act in the same direction what is the resultant force like?
If 2 forces act in opposite directions what is the resultant force like? - Forces

A

The 2 forces in the same direction will produce a resultant force greater than the individual forces.
The 2 forces in different directions will produce a resultant force smaller than either individuals force.

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8
Q

What are contact forces? - Forces

A

Forces that act between 2 objects that are physically touching each other

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9
Q

Name 3 contact forces? - Forces

A

Friction
Air resistance
Reaction force

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10
Q

What are non-contact forces? - Forces

A

Non-contact forces are forces which act between 2 objects without physical contact

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11
Q

Name 3 non-contact forces - Forces

A

Magnetic force
Gravitational force
Electrostatic force

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12
Q

What is the equation linking weight, mass and gravitational field strength? - Forces

A

Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength

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13
Q

When is work done? - Forces

A

Work is done when energy is transferred from one store to another

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14
Q

What is the equation for work done? - Forces

A

Work done = Force x Distance moved

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15
Q

What do free body diagrams show? - Forces

A

Free body diagrams show forces acting upon an object, represented by arrows. Usually have a scale.

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16
Q

What do vector diagrams show? - Forces

A

Vector diagrams show the horizontal and vertical components of a force in a resolved manner, joined at a right angle

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17
Q

What can happen when an excessive force is imparted on an object? - Forces

A

The object can change shape, or become deformed

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18
Q

Describe an elastic deformation - Forces

A

A deformation which can be reversed when the force is removed eg. squishing a sponge

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19
Q

Describe an inelastic deformation - Forces

A

A deformation which cannot be reversed when the force is removed eg. squishing an aluminium can

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20
Q

What is the equation for Hooke’s Law? - Forces

A

F = k x e

Force (N) = spring constant (N/m) x extension (m)

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21
Q

What does Hooke’s law measure? - Forces

A

Measures the extension of an elastic object, the force applied or the spring constant

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22
Q

What is the limit of proportionality? - Forces

A

The point at which Hooke’s law is no longer true.

The spring or elastic material has been stretched so much that it is now inelastic

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23
Q

What is the relationship between spring constant and the stiffness of the spring? - Forces

A

The higher the spring constant (k), the stiffer the spring

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24
Q

What happens once a spring has exceeded its limit of proportionality? - Forces

A

The spring does not revert to its original state, rather it reverts to a stretched state of itself. Becomes inelastic.

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25
Q

How do force extension graphs show the limit of proportionality being exceeded? - Forces

A

The graph becomes non linear and begins to curve beyond the limit of proportionality, whereas before this the graph is straight.

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26
Q

How can you calculate the spring constant using a force-extension graph? - Forces

A

The gradient of the graph before the limit of proportionality shows the spring constant

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27
Q

What form of energy is stored in a spring? What is the equation for this force? - Forces

A

Elastic potential energy = 1/2 x spring constant x (extension)^2

28
Q

What is a moment? - Forces

A

A moment is the turning effect of a force

29
Q

How can you calculate a moment? - Forces

A

Moment (Nm) = force (N) x perpendicular distance from the pivot (m)

30
Q

What is true if the total clockwise moment of a force is equal to the total anti-clockwise moment of a force? - Forces

A

The object is balanced and there is no rotation

31
Q

What 3 aspects does a lever consist of? - Forces

A

A pivot, an effort and a load

32
Q

Why is the perpendicular distance often far between the pivot and the effort? - Forces

A

It allows a larger force to act upon the load, so it is easier to mover heavier objects

33
Q

What are gears? - Forces

A

Wheels with toothed edges that rotate on an axle.

34
Q

Why do gears rotate in opposite directions when connected? - Forces

A

As the gears meet and the teeth in one are rotating upwards or downwards, the teeth in the other must do the same. This means that it must rotate in the opposite direction.

35
Q

What is true about the force and moments of a connected small and large gear? - Forces

A

The force of both gears will both be the same, however the moments will be different due to different perpendicular distances from the pivot and the force.

36
Q

What is the equation for speed? - Forces

A

Speed (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s)

37
Q

What is acceleration? - Forces

A

The rate of change of velocity

38
Q

How do you calculate acceleration? - Forces

A

Acceleration (m/s^2) = change in velocity (m/s) / time taken

Change in velocity calculated by final velocity - initial velocity

39
Q

How can you calculate a speed at any given time using a distance-time graph? - Forces

A

Draw a tangent to the particular time and calculate the gradient

40
Q

What is the gradient of a velocity-time graph equal to? - Forces

A

The gradient of a velocity time graph is equal to the acceleration of an object

41
Q

How do you calculate the displacement (distance moved) of an object using a velocity-time graph? - Forces

A

Calculate the area under the line of a graph or counting the squares
ALWAYS CHECK THAT SCALE GOES UP IN INTERVALS OF 1

42
Q

What is the SUVAT equation? - Forces

A

Final velocity^2 (m/s) - initial velocity^2 (m/s) = 2 x acceleration (m/s^2) x DISPLACEMENT (m)

43
Q

What can the SUVAT equation calculate?

A

Acceleration
Final velocity
Initial velocity
Displacement

44
Q

What is a terminal velocity? - Forces

A

The maximum speed of an object, when falling through a fluid (eg water, air)

45
Q

What are the 3 stages of falling? - Forces

A
  1. Acceleration due to gravity
  2. Frictional forces like air resistance acting as speed increases
  3. Terminal velocity, where an object reaches maximum speed
46
Q

What does terminal velocity look like on a velocity-time graph? - Forces

A

The graph plateaus when terminal velocity is reached

47
Q

What is Newton’s 1st Law? - Forces

A

An object remains in the same state of motion unless a resultant force acts on it

48
Q

What is a resultant force? - Forces

A

A force that could replace replace all forces acting on an object, found by adding all forces together

49
Q

What does Newton’s 1st Law mean if a resultant force on an object is 0? - Forces

A

A stationary object stays stationary

A moving object remains at the same velocity (same speed, same direction)

50
Q

What is inertia? - Forces

A

The tendency of an object to continue in its current state unless acted on by a resultant force

51
Q

Name an example of Newton’s 1st Law - Forces

A

A car moving at a constant speed does so because the driving force of the engine is balanced by resistive forces like air resistance or friction. The resultant force is 0.

52
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd Law? - Forces

A

Force (N) = Mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s^2)

53
Q

What is inertial mass? - Forces

A

A measure of how difficult it is to change an object’s velocity. Ratio of force over acceleration.

54
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd Law? - Forces

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

When 2 objects interact they exert equal and opposite forces on each other

55
Q

Name an example of Newton’s 3rd law - Forces

A

A skateboarder making a jump:
The skateboarder pushes the skateboard backwards
The skateboard pushes the skateboarder forwards

56
Q

What is the equation for stopping distance when a car is stopping? - Forces

A

Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance

57
Q

What can impact thinking distance? - Forces

A

Tiredness
Alcohol consumption
Distractions

58
Q

What impacts braking distance? - Forces

A

Icy/wet road conditions

Worn brakes or tyres

59
Q

How do you calculate momentum? - Forces

A

Momentum (Kgm/s) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

60
Q

What is conservation of momentum? - Forces

A

The idea that in a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after an event

61
Q

Name an example of conservation of momentum? - Forces

A

Before a cannon is fired the momentum is 0 as neither object is moving. After being fired, the total momentum is 0 as the cannon ball is propelled forward with equal momentum to the cannon backwards

62
Q

What is pressure? - Forces

A

Pressure is the force applied in a given area

63
Q

Why do heeled shoes exert more pressure than flat shoes? - Forces

A

Heeled shoes have a smaller area in contact with the ground than flats, meaning the force is placed on a smaller area

64
Q

What force is provided by objects which are stably supporting another object?- Forces

A

Normal force (at 90°) to a surface which allows an object to sit on another object

65
Q

What happens to pressure in a liquid as depth increases? Why? - Forces

A

Pressure increases as depth increases due to the weight of all the liquid above

66
Q

How can you calculate pressure in a liquid? - Forces

A

Pressure (Pa) = height (m) x density (kg/m^3) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)

67
Q

What happens to pressure in the atmosphere as height increases? - Forces

A

As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases because the number of air molecules decreases and the weight of air decreases

Physics (10 decks)

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