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Physics - Paper 2 > Forces > Flashcards

Forces Flashcards

1
Q

what is a scalar quantity

A

only has a size (magnitude)

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2
Q

what is a vector quantity

A

has both magnitude and direction

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3
Q

what is a force

A

a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object

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4
Q

is force vector or scalar

A

vector

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5
Q

what is a contact force

A

when objects are physically touching e.g friction, resistance and tension

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6
Q

what is a non contact force

A

when objects are physically separated e.g gravitational, electrostatic and magnetic

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7
Q

what is the same about the interaction pair of forces when two objects interact with each other

A

the forces are the same size

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8
Q

what is different about the interaction pair of forces when two objects interact with each other

A

forces are in opposite directions

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9
Q

what is the size of the resultant force on an object if the forces on it are balanced

A

0

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10
Q

what is the name for the force acting on an object due to gravity

A

weight

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11
Q

what instrument can be used to measure the weight of an object

A

calibrated spring balance (newtonmeter)

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12
Q

what is the centre of mass

A

the point through which the weight of an object can be considered to act

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13
Q

what is elastic deformation

A

an object can go back to its original shape and size when deforming forces are removed

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14
Q

what is inelastic deformation

A

an object can’t go back to its original shape and size when deforming forces are removed

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15
Q

how do you find the spring constant from a force-extension graph of a spring

A

find the gradient of the straight line section

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16
Q

what is the turning effect of a force called

A

moment

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17
Q

what can you say about clockwise and anticlockwise moments on a balanced object

A

sum of all clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments

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18
Q

how does a lever reduce the amount of force needed to create a particular sized moment

A

by increasing the distance from the pivot

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19
Q

what happens to the moment of a force when a small gear drives a large gear

A

moment is increased

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20
Q

what is a fluid

A

a substance that can flow - liquid or gas

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21
Q

why does the pressure of a liquid increase with depth

A

pressure at any point in a liquid is due to the weight of liquid above that point

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22
Q

why does the pressure in a liquid depend on the density of the liquid

A

pressure is due to the weight of the liquid, and weight of the liquid depends on its density

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23
Q

what is upthrust

A

the resultant force due to the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of an object submerged in a fluid

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24
Q

what will an object placed in a fluid do if its weight is equal to the upthrust

A

float

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25
Q

what will an object placed in a fluid do if its weight is greater than the upthrust

A

sink

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26
Q

why does an object that is more dense than a fluid sink if its placed in the fluid

A

weight of the object is greater than the weight of the fluid displaced so the weight of the object is greater than the upthrust

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27
Q

why does an object that is less dense than a fluid float if its placed in the fluid

A

weight of the object is less than the weight of the fluid displaced so the weight of the object is less than the upthrust

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28
Q

does an object that is partially submerged in a fluid experience a greater pressure on its bottom or top surface

A

bottom

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29
Q

what is the earths atmosphere

A

the layer of air that surrounds the earth

30
Q

what is atmospheric pressure caused by

A

air molecules colliding with the surfaces

31
Q

why does atmospheric pressure decrease with increased altitude

A

the density of the air decreases, fewer air molecules as you go higher - there is less weight of air above a surface and fewer air molecules so density of the atmosphere decreases

32
Q

how does the height of the atmosphere compare to the radius of the earth

A

its smaller

33
Q

what is the difference between distance and displacement

A

distance is scalar but displacement is vector

34
Q

what is the difference between speed and velocity

A

speed is scalar but velocity is vector

35
Q

what factors can affect the speed at which someone walks, runs or cycles

A

age, fitness, terrain, and distance

36
Q

what are the typical speeds for a person walking, running and cycling

A

1.5 m/s, 3 m/s, 6 m/s

37
Q

what is the typical speed for sound travelling in the air

A

330 m/s

38
Q

what is acceleration

A

change in velocity of an object per second

39
Q

what is the unit for acceleration

A

m/s2

40
Q

how can an object be accelerating even if its travelling at a steady speed

A

if its changing direction

41
Q

what is happening if an object has a negative acceleration

A

its slowing down

42
Q

what information does the gradient of the line in a distance time graph provide

A

speed

43
Q

what information does the gradient of the line in a velocity time graph provide

A

acceleration

44
Q

how can the distance travelled by an object be found from its velocity time graph

A

area under the graph

45
Q

what is the name for the steady speed a falling object reaches when the resistive force is equal to its weight

A

terminal velocity

46
Q

what is the general name for the frictional forces an object experiences when moving through a fluid

A

drag

47
Q

in which direction does the drag on an object always act

A

in the direction opposite to which its moving

48
Q

what happens to the drag on an object as its speed increases

A

the drag increases

49
Q

what can be done to reduce the drag on an object

A

streamlining

50
Q

what is inertia

A

the tendency an object has to remain in a steady state

51
Q

what is Newtons first law

A

the velocity of an object will only change if a resultant force is acting on it

52
Q

what is the resultant force on a stationary object

A

0

53
Q

what is the resultant force on an object moving at a steady speed in a straight line

A

0

54
Q

what will an object experience if the resultant force on it is not zero

A

acceleration/ change in velocity

55
Q

what forces are balanced when an object travels at a steady speed

A

resistive forces = driving force

56
Q

according to Newtons second law what is the acceleration of an object inversely proportional to

A

mass

57
Q

what does Newtons third law say

A

when two objects interact they exert equal and opposite forces on each other

58
Q

starting to move, stopping moving, speeding up, slowing down and changing directions are all examples of what physical process

A

acceleration/ change in velocity

59
Q

what is the name given to the distance a vehicle travels to safely come to a stop after the driver has spotted a hazard

A

stopping distance

60
Q

what is thinking distance

A

the distance vehicle travels during drivers reaction time

61
Q

what is braking distance

A

the distance vehicle travels once brakes have been applied

62
Q

what is the relationship between stopping distance, thinking distance and braking distance

A

stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance

63
Q

does the speed of a vehicle have a bigger effect on braking distance or thinking distance

A

braking

64
Q

which distance is proportional to the speed of a vehicle

A

thinking

65
Q

which distance increases by an increasing amount as speed increases

A

braking

66
Q

what are 3 factors that can affect the braking distance of a vehicle

A

speed, road conditions and condition of tyres and brakes

67
Q

what is the definition of one joule of work

A

the work done when 1N of force causes 1m displacement

68
Q

why does the temp of a vehicles brakes increase when the brakes are applied

A

work done by the frictional force between the brakes and the wheels transfers energy from the kinetic energy store of the car to the thermal energy store of the brakes

69
Q

what can happen if the braking force used to stop a vehicle is very large

A

brakes may overheat

70
Q

what is the law of conservation of momentum

A

in a closed system the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after it

71
Q

how is the force acting on an object related to its momentum

A

force acting on an object = rate of change of momentum

72
Q

what are examples of everyday safety features which work by increasing the time taken for the change in momentum

A

air bags, seat belts, crumple zones in cars, cycle helmets, crash mats

Physics - Paper 2 (4 decks)

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