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physics paper 2 🎀 > forces > Flashcards

forces Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between a scalar and a vector quantity?

A

scalar- magnitude only
vector- magnitude and direction

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2
Q

give an example of a scalar quantity?

A
  • temperature
  • mass
  • speed
  • pressure
  • time
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3
Q

give an example of a vector quantity?

A
  • displacement
  • velocity
  • acceleration
  • force
  • momentum
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4
Q

what is a force?

A

a push or a pull that acts on an object due to its interaction with another object

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5
Q

give examples of contact and non-contact forces?

A

contact: friction, air resistance, tension

non-contact: gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic force

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6
Q

what is weight?

A

the force acting on an object due to gravity

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7
Q

state the equation to calculate weight

A

weight= mass x gravitational field strength

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8
Q

define “centre of mass”

A

the single point through which the weight of the object can be said to act through

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9
Q

how is weight measured?

A

using a calibrated spring- balance
(newton meter)

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10
Q

what is the resultant force?

A

the singular force that can replace all the individual forces acting on an object

and have the same effect

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11
Q

define “work done”

A

work is done on an object when a force causes it to move through a distance

it is directly proportional to the distance traveled and direction of motion

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12
Q

what is velocity

A

a measure of the rate of change of displacement (speed in a given direction)

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13
Q

how does one calculate stopping distance?

A

sum of the breaking and thinking distance

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14
Q

state newton’s first law?

A

if a stationary object’s resultant force is zero, the object will remain stationary.

if a moving object’s resultant force is zero, the object will continue to move at the same speed, in the same direction

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15
Q

define inertia

A

the tendency of an object to remain in its same state of uniform or rest

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16
Q

what is newton’s second law?

A

an object’s acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied to it, and inversely proportional to its mass

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17
Q

what is inertial mass?

A

a measure of how hard it is for an object to change its velocity

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18
Q

explain newton’s third law

A

the force that two objects exert on each other when interacting are equal and opposite

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19
Q

state the law of conservation of momentum

A

the total momentum of a system before an event is equal to the total momentum after the event

20
Q

an object is in equilibrium if…

A

the resultant force and the resultant moment are both equal to zero

21
Q

what is the resultant moment?

A

the single moment that has the same effect as all of the other clockwise and anti-clockwise moments acting on an object

22
Q

what is the moment of a force?

A

a measure of a force’s tendency to cause a body to rotate

23
Q

what does the gradient of a distance-time graph tell you?

A

the speed

24
Q

state the equation linking acceleration, changing velocity and time take

A

acceleration= change in velocity /
time taken

25
Q

what does the gradient of a velocity-time graph tell you?

A

acceleration

26
Q

what does the area under a velocity-time graph equate to?

A

the distance travelled by the object

27
Q

define terminal velocity

A

the maximum velocity an object can reach when falling through a fluid

28
Q

explain what happen to an object as it reaches terminal velocity

A
  • object initially accelerates due to the force of gravity
  • resistance from the fluid increases, balancing out the force of gravity
  • the resultant force becomes zero and terminal velocity is reached
29
Q

resultant force equals…

A

mass x acceleration

30
Q

how is inertial mass defined?

A

the ratio of force over acceleration

31
Q

describe the changing motion of a skydiver, in terms of forces

A
  • initially, air resistance is less than gravity so skydiver accelerates
  • acceleration causes air resistance to increase
  • resultant force becomes zero
  • skydiver reaches terminal velocity
32
Q

what does pressure in a column equal to?

A

the product of the liquid’s density, height of the column, and the gravitational field strength

33
Q

define upthrust

A

the upward force acting on an object in a fluid

due to it experiencing a greater pressure below than above

34
Q

what creates atmospheric pressure?

A

air molecules colliding with a surface

35
Q

explain why atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude

A
  • air molecules colliding with a surface create pressure
  • as altitude increases, distance between molecules increases
  • so fewer collisions with a surface occur
36
Q

why does pressure on a swimmer increase with depth?

A
  • increasing depth increases the volume of water above swimmer
  • increases the weight acting on the swimmer
37
Q

what is the difference between distance and displacement?

A

distance is a scalar quantity

displacement is a vector quantity

38
Q

what is meant by braking distance?

A

distance travelled by a vehicle under the breaking force

39
Q

what is acceleration?

A

the rate of change of velocity

40
Q

breaking distance can be affected by…

A
  • wet or icy weather
  • adverse road conditions
  • poor condition of vehicle’s tires or breaks
41
Q

what could large decelerations lead to?

A

breaks overheating and loss of control

42
Q

what happens when a force is applied to the breaks of vehicle?

A
  • work done by the friction force between the breaks and the wheel, reduces kinetic energy of the vehicle
  • temperature of the breaks increases
43
Q

state the equation for momentum

A

momentum = mass x velocity

44
Q

when does a change in momentum occur?

A

when a force acts on an object that is moving, or able to move

45
Q

describe an investigation to determine spring constant

A
  • set up apparatus with spring hanging from a clamp on a clamp-stand, with a ruler clamped beside it
  • record the position of the bottom of the spring on the ruler (equilibrium position)
  • hang a 1N weight from the spring
  • measure the extension
  • add another 1N weight and measure the new extension
  • continue in this manner until 10N weights are added
46
Q

write down the equation that links extension, force, and spring constant

A

force = extension x spring constant

physics paper 2 🎀 (4 decks)

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