For Test 1, A&P Flashcards
Endocrine system is
Specialize in communication and coordination
Maintaining homeostasis
Cells need to communicate with each other
Either a gap junction (cell-cell)
Neurotransmitters (neurons travel across synaptic cleft)
Paracrines (tissue fluids affect nearby cells)
Hormones (travel into blood stream, other tissues and organs)
What’s the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine glands have ducts (carry to an surface or organ)
Endocrine glands (no ducts, easy to take hormones into the blood stream)
This hormone releases a target is another endocrine gland
Tropic hormone
Adenohypophysis anterior
3/4 of pituitary
Synthesizes 6 hormones (FSH,LH,TSH,ACTH,GH,PRL)
Neurohypophysis
Posterior 1/4 of pituitary
does not produce own hormone , stores OT and ADH
What two hormones synthesizes gonadotropin hormones
Two for gonadotropin hormones
FSH- sperm production
LH- ovulation for woman
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone for men.
ACTH hormone does what
Secretes the adrenal cortex and produce glucocorticoids
Does oxytocin release or produce breast milk?
Release breast milk
During labor contracting
Target uterus
ADH does what?
It’s an anti diuretic hormone, increase water retention (to not get dehydrated)
What two hormones are in the posterior pituitary
ADH and OT
Thymus gland :
For the immune system
Secretion of thymosin and thymopoetin hormones for stimulation of other lymphatic organs
Stimulates t-lymphocyte cells for cellular immunity
Maturation of t-cells (WBC)
Thyroid gland
Follicular cells: simple cuboidal
Secretes T3 and T4 iodine atoms by TSH
Increase metabolic rate
Largest gland
The adrenal medulla works how
Prepares physical activity
Stimulation = adrenaline
Stress causes medullary cells to stimulate cortext
Increase bp,bv, metabolic rate
Adrenal cortext layers
Zona glomerulosa (outer)’
Zona fasciculata (middle)
Zona Reticularis (inner)
Takes water indirect and increase sodium
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasiculata is a type of hormone that secretes what
Cortisol and corticosterone as fat and protein
Helps body to adapt to stress
Zona Reticularis has which hormones
Androgen and estrogen
Where are hormones originally produced
In the islets
Alpha cells release when
Releases glucogon when glucose blood levels are low
Very low carbohydrate/ fasting or high protein
Insulin/beta cells secrete when
Lowers blood sugar levels when there is high glucose
Antagonizes glucagon
Cause : diabetes
What is a natural hormone woman release when having a baby
OT
Follicular cells make what hormone
Thyroid hormone, filled with protein rich suspension and lined with simple epithelial cells
SNP is what
Medulla cells stimulate to cortex
Makes adrenaline
Prepares body for physical activity
Islets of langerhan
Produce hormones
Hyperglycemic hormones
Raise blood, glucose concentration
Hypoglycemic
Lower blood glucose (insulin)
Corpus leteum
Follicle, after ovulation
Produces estradiol and progesterone
Wall of ovarian follicule
Granulosa celes
Produces estradiol and its in the beginning of the menestral cycle
In the testes what secretes testosterone and estrogen
Interstitial cells (in between seminiferous tubules)
Organ function of the liver is important to the endocrine system because
The bone marrow produces RBC’s
Regulate blood pressure
The kidneys are important to the function of the system because
It produces RBC’s too
They heart is important for the function of the system because
Increase bp- atrial natriuretic peptide
Increase blood volume, bp, and H20 and loss by kidneys
Steroids hormones
From hydrophobic
Needs and binds to transport protein
Hypophyseal portal system
Releases and inhibits hormones for the anterior pituitary
FSH
Production of sperm
LH
Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
GHRH
GH: stimulates mitosis and cellular differential
Parathyroid gland
Secreted parathyroid hormone
Increase calcium levels
Increase absorption of calcium levels
Decrease urinary absorption
Increase bone absorption
Hematocrit
% of blood cells compared to total of blood volume
Most abundant blood plasma
Albumins
Liquid portion of blood
Plasma
Viscosity?
Thickness, stickiness of a fluid
Hypoproteinemia
Deficiency of plasma proteins
Red bone marrow produces these formed elements:
Hemopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblast
Colony-forming Unit- producing one class and formed elements of blood
Myeloid hemopoiesis- blood formation in bone marrow
Lymphoid hemopoiesis- Blood formation in the lymphatic organs
The function of RBC’s
-Gas transport,
-O2 delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to lungs
-CAH; produces carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O
The RBC’s count is
5 million
Erythrocyte visual
- Developments
- Hemopoetic cell
- Erythrocyte: Has EPO receptors for erythropoietin from kidney-liver
- Erythroblast: x and synthesize hemoglobin
- Reticulocyte: leaves red bone marrow and leaves circulating blood, 0.5-1.5% left
Erythroblasts do what
Produce hemoglobin
Iron
Key element for hemoglobin molecule
Key for erythropoisis (production of the cell)
Low absorption: needs 5-20mg/day
Stomach acid coverts Fe3 to Fe2
Gastroferritin- bind Fe2 to intestines
Negative feedback in RBC’s
Drop in RBC’s cause hypoxemia
EPO production = high RBC’s count
Polycythemia
Excess of RBC’s
Primary cause- cancer of erythropoietic
Secondary- emphysema (not breathing) high altitude
May increase Blood volume,pressure,viscosity
Anemia causes
- Perumscuis :No enough B12
2.hemorrhagic (blood loss) - Hemolytic (RBC’s destruction)
Anemia effects
3 pain effects:
Tissue hypoxia or necrosis: Lethargic
Low blood osmolarity, producing tissue edema
Low blood viscosity: heart races and pressure drops, cardiac failure
What is sickle-cell-disease
It’s heredity
Cell becomes too flat and can’t go throughout the body
Blood types
A, B, AB, O
Antigens are also called
Agglutinogens
Why does a patient have a blood clot after blood transfusion
Wrong antibody with antigen
Who can AB blood get?
Any
What is the newborn disease?
Hemolytic , if mother has formed RH+ with 2nd child
Prevention: RhoGAM Pregnant Rh- woman
What is given to woman who are RH-
RhoGAM to not form anti-D anibodies
A antigen has
B antibodies
Person with a AB blood can receive
A blood
B blood
AB blood
O blood
People with Positive blood have
Rh D with blood type Rh+ (most reactive)
People with negative blood have
NO Rh factor
Can receive blood from RH- people
What are the granulocytes
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
What are the Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes (most common)
, monocytes
Neutrophils do what
Fight bacterial infection
Eosinophils do what
Raise for parasitic infection,allergies,diseases etc
Basophils do what
Raise , with auto immune, Sinuitis, Diabetes
Secrete histamine
Secrete heparin
Lymphocytes raise when
There is an infection or immune response
Monocytes are when
Raise when there is a viral infection or inflammation
What is Leucocytosis
High WBC (above 10,000)
Cause : Infection, allergy, disease
Leukemia is
A cancer because high number of circulating leukocytosis
Hemoglobin structure
2 alpha 2 beta cells (each combine to non protein heme)
Heme groups: non protein to moesity bind O2, FE to center
Men’s hemoglobin: 13-18
Woman’s: 12-16
Hemostasis its production
Negative feedback : RBCS drop = hypoxemia
Epo stimulation makes red bone marrow
RBCs raise 3-4 days
Erythrocyte death
Hemolysis in spleen and liver
Leukocytes disorders
Myeloid leukemia: uncontrolled granulocyte production
Lymphoid leukemia: uncontrolled Lymphocyte or monocyte production
Acute leukemia: suddenly, rapidly, death
Chronic: undetected for months
Synergistic effects:
Work together for a greater effect (FSH and testosterone for sperm production)
Permissive effects
Enhances the target organs for response to a second later hormone
Hydrophilic hormone transport
Monoamines and peptides are hydrophilic
Hydrophobic hormone transport
Steroids and thyroid hormone
(Bind transport for protein
PiH hormone
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
Pineal gland
Converts to melatonin
May play role in cardiac Rhythms
C (parafollicular cells)
Clustered cells
Secrete calcitonin by rising blood calcium
Effect: Low blood Ca2+
Interstitial cells:
Lies in clusters between seminiferous tubules
Produce testosterone and estrogen
Paracrine secretions
Chemicals messengers that secrete short distanced
Stimulate nearby cells
Examples of paracrine secretions
- Histamine (cells in connective tissue)
- Nitric oxide (blood vessels to vasodilation)
- Somatostatin (from delta cells secret alpha and beta cells)
- Catecholamines (adrenal medulla to cortex)
Congenital hypothyroidism
Decrease in TH (from birth)
Myxedema (decrease TH)
Adult hypothyroidism , treat with oral thyroid hormone
Goiter
ANY pathological enlargement from the thyroid gland
Hypoparathyroidism
Surgically removed
Spasms in larynx = decrease in calcium levels
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive PTH
Ca+2 increase
Blood levels increase
Adrenal disorder
Cushing Syndrome- excess cortisol secretion
Disruption of protein metabolism and carbohydrate
Adrenal Syndrome- enlargement of sexual organs , onset puberty
Diabetes Mellitus
Cause : BC no insulin
Effect: Distruption of metabolism
Symptoms; polyuria, polydispsia, polyhagia
Elevated blood glucose levels
Treatment for diabetes 1
5%-10%
Insulin is always used
Result: injection or diet
Autoantibodies attack and destroy beta cells
Treatment for type 2 diabetes
90-95 %
Problem: insulin resistance (failure to target cells to respond insulin )
Risk Factor: age,weight,gender,ethnicity
Treatment: weight loss program / exercise
