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psychology > For test 1. > Flashcards

For test 1. Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive processes

A

thought processes, , how the mind works.

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2
Q

PAMPR

A

perception, attention, memory, problem solving, reasoning

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3
Q

Theory

A

an explanation for a psychological phenomenon. can be used to make predictions about human behaviour.

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4
Q

Self-efficacy

A

one’s own belief as to whether one will succeed in something based on previous experiences.

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5
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

Testable, can prove it wrong.

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6
Q

Unfalsifiable

A

not possible to test the validity of the theory.

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7
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Information acquired by observations or experimentation.

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8
Q

TEACUP

A

testable, empirical support, application, , concepts are well defined, unbiased, predicts behavior.

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9
Q

aim

A

purpose of the study

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10
Q

population

A

the group of people that we are interested in studying

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11
Q

procedure

A

step by step process used to carry out the study

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12
Q

results

A

can be numerical or descriptive

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13
Q

findings

A

is how the researcher interpreted the data that was collected

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14
Q

Participants

A

those who take part in the study

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15
Q

target population

A

a specific group of people u are interested in for your study

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16
Q

sample

A

participants who are chosen from the target population

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17
Q

representative sample

A

a sample that is representative of the target population

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18
Q

population validity

A

if you can generalize the findings from your sample to the population. larger group, better p.v

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19
Q

opportunity/convenience sampling

- cons

A

a group that already exists. may be biased, problematic to generalize

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20
Q

haphazard sampling

A

neither random nor systematic. very biased, should be avoided

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21
Q

self selected/volunteer

+ -

A

made up of volunteers. easy to obtain, highly motivated. rarely reflect the general population

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22
Q

snowball sampling

A

when participants recruit other participants such as friends or family. saves time, establishes trust with the researcher. may not be highly representative

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23
Q

random sampling

A

representative sample. every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. easier to generalize, may contain all characteristics,

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24
Q

generalization

A

behaviours observed in the sample are assumed to be representative of those in the larger population.

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25
Q

stratified sample

A

the sample matches the make up of the population.

26
Q

sampling bias

A

when some members of the population are less likely to be included.

27
Q

participant variables

A

differing individual characteristics that may impact how a participant responds in an experiment.

28
Q

ethics

A

correct rules of conduct necessary when conducting research.

29
Q

protection from undue stress/harm

A

no harm is done to p, no humiliation, nothing that affects their health.

30
Q

informed consent

A

nature of the study & agree to participate. what rights they have, right to withdraw, any potential issues

31
Q

deception

A

misinformation/not telling the participant the complete goal of the study. justified

32
Q

debriefing

A

true aim and purpose must be revealed

33
Q

labatory setting

A

controlled

34
Q

field study.

A

natural

35
Q

retrospective

A

asking p about past behaviour

36
Q

prospective

A

measures a vaiable at the beginning of a study and then watched the effect over time

37
Q

longitudal

A

repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time.

38
Q

cross sectional

A

r analyzes data collected from a population at a specific point in time

39
Q

application

A

how a theory or empirical study is used

40
Q

validity

A

if the research does what ti claims to do. 2 types

41
Q

internal validity

A

how well the exp is done, if it avoids the influence of extraneous variables

42
Q

extrenal validity

A

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and people.

43
Q

population validty

A

type of external validity describes how well the sample can be generalized tot he population as a whole

44
Q

ecological validity

A

generalized to real-life settings

45
Q

mundane realism

A

representativeness of the testing situation. level to which the situation represents real life situations.

46
Q

reliability

A

the results can be replicated.

47
Q

repeated measures design

A

you have one sample of participants that receives each condition of an experiment.

48
Q

concurrently

A

at the same time

49
Q

strength of repeated measures

A

participant variables, the p is only compared to themselves. fewer p needed.

50
Q

Order effects

A

boredom, fatigue, practice effect. limitation at r.m.d

51
Q

counter balancing

A

a way to control order effects, one group starts with A then B, another does the opposite.

52
Q

demand characteristics

A

expectancy effect, screw u effect. a limitation to r.m.d

53
Q

confounding variables

A

extraneous variables that lower the internal validity of the experiment.

54
Q

Independent samples design

A

members of the sample are randomly allocated to one condition of the experiment.

55
Q

strength of I.SD

A

order effects are controlled, demand c are less likely, same materials can be used.

56
Q

limitation of I.S.D

A

participant variables may influence, more participants are required.

57
Q

matched pair designs

A

type of independent design, but p are not randomly allocated. they are pre tested on the variable, each condition has the full range.

58
Q

method triangulation

A

combining different research methods in a study

59
Q

qualitative

A

Qualitative research methods produce descriptive data that is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations for an individual or group’s behaviour.

60
Q

hypothesis

A

a claim often derived from a theory

psychology (4 decks)

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