For sure on test Flashcards
1
Q
There is no evidence to suggest that the environment influences sexual orientation. (True or False)
A
True
2
Q
Roy G & BIV and PEMDAS are examples of ________ that help you remember the colors of the rainbow and the order of math operations respectively.
A
Mneumonics
3
Q
Give an example of gender expression
A
Clothing, makeup, haircut, interest, etc.
4
Q
Automatic processing leads to memories that do NOT require conscious effort to recall. What type of memory is this?
A
Implicit
5
Q
The law of effect which states “behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to continue” is proposed by whom?
A
Edward Thorndike
6
Q
What is sexual orientation?
A
The gender to which you are attracted to.
7
Q
What does the consequence of punishment do to a behavior or an action?
A
Decreases the likelihood of it occurring further
8
Q
What is the difference between biological sex & gender?
A
Sex is based on psychology & biology, while gender is based on societies description of female and male.
9
Q
One day a driver ran a stop sign and crashed into the side of Julia’s vehicle. Julia was not injured but the crash caused fear. Now she approaches the intersection she begins to feel scared and sweat. what is the US, UR, CS, Cr?
A
US= Car crash UR= scared/fear CS= intersection CR= scared/sweat
10
Q
What is the smallest amount of stimulus you can detect 50% of the time?
A
Absolute Threshold
11
Q
Having a clear detailed memory of an emotional experience is what type of memory?
A
Flashbulb memory
12
Q
When Randy and James were running around the living room, they crashed into the XBox, breaking it. They no longer run through the living room. What type of operant conditioning is at work?
A
Negative Punishment
13
Q
The taste of Umami indicated what about the survival function of that food source?
A
High in protein
14
Q
How does the eye work???
A
- Look at the scene
- Retinal processing- rods and cones pick up energy
- feature detections- Brain’s detector cells that respond to specific features
- Parallel processing- brain cells combines information about color, movement, form, etc.
- Recognition- brain interprets the constructed image based on information from stored images.
15
Q
B.F. Skinner is most well known for studying what type of learning?
A
Operant Conditioning
16
Q
Short answer/open-ended test question require what type of measure of retention?
A
Recall
17
Q
Little Albert experience was conducted by whom?
A
John Watson
18
Q
What color is an individual likely seeing is she is receiving light waves that are short in wavelength and high in amplitude?
A
Bright Blue
19
Q
Helps us see the black and white actions in our peripheral view and in the dark
A
Rods
20
Q
After being introduce to a group of people you find you can only remember their name for a minute or two after. Their names were stored in your?
A
Short-term memory
21
Q
Rods play what role in your vision?
A
- Allow us to see action in our peripheral view.
2. Allow us to see in the dark.
22
Q
Help us see sharp colorful details in bright light
A
Cones
23
Q
The Bobo Doll experiment was conducted by whom?
A
Albert Bandura
24
Q
What is the definition of sex?
A
Pure biological, what society labels you.
25
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex is biological and gender is what society labels you as.
26
Societies expectation of behavior and the jobs they perform.
Gender roles
27
How an individual identifies themselves as.- pronouns such as "he" or "she"
Gender Identity
28
The way an individual expresses gender. (Short/Long Hair)
Gender expression
29
Acquiring gender identity by observing others. (and imitating).
Social Learning Theory
30
By the age of ___ years old kids know who they identify as.
4 years
31
How do you know if a kid identifies as a transgender?
Consistent, persistence, insistence transgender.
32
Transgender is NOT a phase. (True or False)
True
33
Gender identity is not the same as sexual orientation? (True or False)
True
34
40% of homeless youth are LGBT because of their gender preference. (True or False)
True
35
Homosexuality is linked with problems in a child's relationship with his parents. (True or False)
False
36
Environment does NOT play a role in someone's sexual orientation. (True or False)
True
37
Homosexuality involves the fear of opposite sex. (True or False)
False
38
The experiences through your senses of the outside world.
Sensation
39
How you decide to interpret those sensations
Perception
40
Sensation is the seeing and perception is the meaning. (True or False).
True
41
Transduction (3 steps)
1. Receive information from the outside world. 2.Transform neural impulse.
3. Delivered to brain where we begin to process.
42
Is it possible to have perception without sensation?
Yes, a person who is paralyzed can see the doctor tickling his foot but cannot feel it.
43
Is it possible to have sensation without perception?
Yes, hallucinations- you are experiencing something but there is nothing there or music in foreign language.
44
As you constantly experience something you become adaptive to it.
Sensory Adaptation
45
What is lower sensation/lower activity used for?
Survival
46
Expectations that you have, it influences how you perceive the situation.
Perceptual Set
47
What are our five senses?
Seeing, touching, smelling, hearing, tasting.
48
What does sweet represent?
Energy source
49
What does salty represent?
Sodium essential to psychological process
50
What does sour represent?
Would indicate that the food was poisoned. (potentially toxic acid).
51
What does bitter represent?
Potentially poisonous
52
When you're young your taste buds are its full potential, as you grow older it decreases. Taste buds are becoming less sensitive. (True or False)
True
53
Wave length influences _________
Color
54
Short wavelength indicate______
Blue
55
Longer wavelength indicate____
Red
56
Big amplitude (height) of wavelength indicates_____
Bright colors
57
Small amplitude (height) of wavelength indicates ____
Dull colors (Dark colors)
58
Lets light in so you could see
Pupil
59
Muscle that helps dilate and contract the pupil
Iris
60
Helps project the light to see retina
Lens
61
part of our eye that assists in processing light and sending signals to our brain to help translate what we see
Retina
62
Two receptors of the retina
1. Rods- helps us see black & white, helps us see in the dark, and peripheral view.
2. Cones- help us see sharp colorful details in bright light.
63
How does the eye work?
1. Arrive at the scene.
2. Retinal processing- rods and cones pick up energy
3. feature detection- sent to the brain to specific areas
4. Parallel processing: brain cells combines information about color, movement, form, etc.
5. Recognition- brain interprets the constructed image based on information from stored images.
64
According to this theory, there are three type of color receptor cones- red, green and blue. All the colors we perceive are created by light waves, stimulating combination of these cones.
Three Color Theory
65
Process that our brain goes through so we can uderstand whats ggoing on
visual organization
66
We learn through what three ways?
cognitive learning, association, and observation
67
Automatic Responses
Classical Conditioning
68
Father of classsicall conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
69
A natural response
Unconditioned Response
70
An object that produces a natural response
Unconditioned Stimulus
71
Have to do something to the object to create a response
Conditioned Stimulus
72
A response to the conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Respose
73
Adding something desirable
Positive reinforcement
74
Removing something negative (taking away something to keep behavior going)
Negative Reinforcement
75
Bobo doll experiment
Albert Bendura
76
Three types of memories
sensory, working, long-term
77
Two ways to encode
Automatic (no effort)- brushing teeth, effortful (put effort into something) - studying for a test
78
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously recall
Explicit memory
79
retention independent of conscious memory
implicit memory
80
This word refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a persib's biological sex
Defenition of Gender
81
Primary Sex Characteristics
Internal reproductive organs- ability to have kids, sex chromosomes
82
Secondary sex characteristics
external genitals- breast, facial hair, etc
83
Klinefelter Syndrome (male born with an extra x chromosome) & Turner Syndrome (female born with extra Y chromsome) are both ______ _______.
Sexual Variations
84
Men's lack to produce sperm and woman's lack of interest in sex are both ____ _____
sexual disorders
85
How do we learn gender?
Social Learning Theory- by observing others
| Gender schemas- interpreting and organizing gender roles
86
Consistence, persistence, insistance are all signs that _____________.
A kids is transgender
87
The gender to which an individual is attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual
Sexual Orientation
88
Brain differences, genetic differences, prenatal differences are all characteristics of __________
biological sex
89
Kylie Jenner and Kendall shirtless are both an example of _______
sexualization of girls.
90
Give an example of perception without sensation.
A person who is perilized but can see that someone is touching their foot.
91
Give an example of sensation without perception.
Drugs
92
As you consistantly become exposed to something you become adaptive to it.
Sensory Adaption
93
Perceptual Set
Expectations that you have, it influences how you perceive the situation.
94
Taste: Energy source
Sweet
95
sodium essential to physicological processes
Salty
96
Taste: potentially toxic acid
Sour
97
Potentioally poisonus
Bitter
98
Proteins to grow and repaid tissue (full of protein)
Umani
99
Short wavelength indicates what color?
Blue
100
Long wavelength indicated what color?
Red
101
Big aplitude (tall wavelengths) indicate what shade of colors?
Bright colors
102
Small amplitude (short wavelengths) indicate what shade of colors?
Dull (dark) colors
103
grouping incomplete parts into gestalt wholes, seeing figures standing out against background, perceiving form and depth are all strategies of ..........?
Visual Organizatin Strategies
104
the level of stimulation requiered to trigger a neural impulse
Thresholds
105
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
kinesthesis
106
What does the iris do?
responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
107
What does the lens do?
helps to focus light and images on your retina.
108
What does the pupil do?
allows light to come in
109
What does the cornea do?
acts as the eye's outermost lens
110
What does retina do?
contains the rods and cones plus layers of neurons that beging the processing of virtual information.
111
What does the fovea do?
it is where the cones cluster
112
Classical conditioning
automatic/reflective response (knowing that fire is dangerious or if you see something coming that is going to hit you you should move out)
113
Operant conditioning
Voluntary actions/consequences (throwing ou the trash because you know you're going to be recognized)
114
Ivan Povlovs experimented with what animal and what object?
Dog and a bell
115
Who stated that "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."
Edward Thorndike
116
How do you shape something into doing what you want?
Teach a dog how to roll. Reward them for their behavior. Then, they'll be more likely to do it next time.
117
What conditioning involves adjusting to the consequences of our behavior?
Operant
118
What does negative reinforcemnt do?
Subtracting something negative so actions increase
119
What does positive punishment do?
Adding/punishing so actions decrease
120
Positive reinforcement
Add something desirable to stop behavior
121
Negative reinforcement
Subtract something desirable to continue behavior
122
What are two ways of observing and learning?
Modeling- cthe bahavior of others serves as a model
| Vicarious conditioning- our choices are affected as we see others get consequences for their behaviors.
123
Encoding, storage, and retrieval is the aprocess of ______
information processing
124
What are the three types of memories to Attkinson Shiffrin model of memory foundation?
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
125
This memory is active processing in short-term memory. It integratices sensory memory with long-term memory.
working memory
126
_____ processing and ____ memories does not requiere conscious effort.
Automatic processing; implicit memories (space, time, frequency)
127
_____ processing and _____ memory requiere effort to recall.
Effortful processing; Explicit memory (example: if you loose something you recall where you saw the object the last time you saw it)
128
chunking (grouping), mneumonics, rehearsal, making information personally meaninful are all part of what strategy?
effortful processing strategy
129
"A stronger emotional experience makes for stronger, more reliable memories"
true
130
the continued possesion, use, or control of something
retention
131
1. recall, recognition, relearning. (how to get to school, how to drive)
measures of retention
132
form of amnesia that can recall past but cannot form new memories
Anterograde
133
Memory construction errors
memory is not precise. (age can cause this, the way someone asks you a question, etc).
134
how does learning happen?
we learn through cognitive learning, association, and observation.
135
father of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
136
Individuals whose gender identity does NOT match their biological sex are_______
transgender
137
Give an example of short-term memory
someone's name that you just met, a phone number
138
Give an example of long-term memory
ability to remember how to drive, your parents name,
139
Give an example of working memory
memory that is in the process; learning your times tables
