for SCIMATECH (SCI) Flashcards
1
Q
- Is made up of molecules.
- Anything that occupies space and has mass.
A
Matter
2
Q
– Molecules are packed closely together, have definite shape and volume
A
Solid
3
Q
Molecules are loosely packed and have spaces, they flow freely.
A
Liquid
4
Q
Molecules are far from each other, they constantly move in all directions, neither definite volume nor shape
A
Gas
5
Q
Those that can be observed and measured without necessarily changing composition.
A
Physical Properties
6
Q
____ are independent on the amount of materials, all chemical properties are
intensive properties
A
Intensive Properties
7
Q
____ are dependent on the amount of materials
A
Extensive Properties
8
Q
Those that can be observed when matter undergoes a chemical change.
A
Chemical Properties
9
Q
When matter undergoes change, it can be a physical, chemical, or nuclear change.
.
A
Changes in Matter
10
Q
when matter changes in shape, size, or state, but not in composition (ingredients)
A
Physical Change
11
Q
Result when matter undergoes a change in composition.
A
Chemical Change
12
Q
• A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a _______ such as
water, air, and nitrogen.
• is subdivided into two elements and compound
A
Pure substance
13
Q
- An ____ is regarded as the simplest form of matter since it contains only one kind of atom.
- It cannot be broken down further into simpler substances by physical or ordinary chemical means.
A
Elements
14
Q
Elements are classified into three:
A
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
15
Q
• are mostly solid form, except for mercury. • They are used in electrical appliances because they are good conductors of heat and electricity. • are malleable
A
Metal
16
Q
• exist in solids, liquids, and gases. • They are usually light in weight. • They are insulators.
A
Nonmetal
17
Q
• are elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. • They are typically semiconductor.
A
Metalloids
18
Q
• is a combination of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
A
Compound
19
Q
are compounds
that produce hydrogen
ions when dissolved in
water.
A
Acid
20
Q
• are compounds that
produces hydroxide
ions.
• can taste bitter
A
Base
21
Q
• is made when two or more substance are combined.
A
Mixture
22
Q
Although consisting of several components, it has only one phase or state. It cannot be separated in
physical means.
A
Homogenous Mixture
23
Q
a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute)
is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).
A
Solution
24
Q
Its component can be identified, and its composition will vary from point to point in the mixture.
A
Heterogenous Mixture
25
is a mixture of liquids
with particles of an undissolved solid.
It is cloudy when allowed to stand for
some time.
Suspension
26
is intermediate between a
solution and a suspension. While
particle in suspension will settle or
separate, colloidal particles will not.
Colloid
27
```
is also called
Tyndall phenomenon, scattering of
a beam of light by a medium
containing small suspended
particles.
```
Tyndall effect
28
The particles of
some mixtures are large enough to
see without a microscope.
Coarse Mixture
29
Insoluble solids in a liquid can be separated by ____
Filtration
30
Used in separating a soluble solid from a liquid
Evaporation
31
• Separating liquids from a solution.
Distillation
32
• Used in separating a less-dense substance from a denser one.
Decantation
33
• Separating dissolved substances that have different colors, such as ink.
Chromatography
34
• Technique used in separating the solid components of a heterogeneous mixture.
Physical manipulation
35
• It is use for the mixture of metals and nonmetals that could be separated using a magnet.
Heterogenous Mixture
36
• It is used for mixtures with big and fine components.
Sieving
37
is the measure of acidity or basicity of a substance.
➢ stands for “power of hydrogen”
➢ can range from 0 to 14 on the pH scale
➢ It is used to determine if a substance is an acid or base.
pH value
38
Percent by mass solution
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥100%
39
is a process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one by adding some
amount of solvent.
Dilution
40
______ invented the first
microscope in 1665. He used this to examine
protozoans, bacteria, and other microscopic
organisms.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
41
_______ is the
most common found in science
laboratories. It makes use of
two lenses.
Compound microscope
42
_______ is a relatively new discovery that uses electron beams to illuminate an object.
Electron microscope
43
_____ are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements.
• ____ are made up of a neutron, protons, and electrons.
Atom
44
• ____ are made of atoms, the smallest unit of chemical elements.
• They can be found in all matter, living and non-living. ____ make up the most basic structures of
living being
Molecules
45
are the basic building blocks that make up all living organisms.
Cells
46
____ is made of cells that work together to perform a certain task.
Tissue
47
is a system of tissues that work together on a larger scale to do certain jobs within an animal's
body.
An organ
48
Group of organs that perform a specific function in the body
Organ System
49
____ refers to a living thing that has an organized structure, can react to stimuli,
reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis.
organism
50
is a distinct group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of
people with a common characteristic
A population
51
consists of all the different species within a certain area.
A community
52
_____ is made up of all the communities in a certain area, as well as all the non-living,
physical components of the environment.
An ecosystem
53
The ____ is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists
biosphere
54
____ is the basic unit of life.
-the human body is composed of approximately 30 trillion cells.
It is composed of different parts which we call
“organelles”
Cell
55
The outer covering of the cell also known
| as plasma membrane or plasmalemma.
Cell
| membrane
56
It forms the largest part of the cell where
| most life process occur.
Cytoplasm
57
A small double-membraned, spherical, or
sausage-shaped organelle involved in the
production of energy. Also known as
powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
58
a cellular particle made of
RNA and protein that serves as the site for
protein synthesis in the cell.
Manufacture protein.
Ribosome
59
It carries protein, it has (SER) smooth
endoplasmic reticulum and (RER) rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic
| Reticulum
60
It modifies proteins produced in the
ribosomes that are embedded in the RER
Package protein.
Golgi
| apparatus
61
It contains hydrolytic enzymes called
lysozymes that digest bacteria, viruses,
complex food particles, and damage cell
components that can be harmful to the cell.
Lysosome
62
Controls all the activities of the cell.
Nucleus
63
It stores food, enzyme and other materials
needed by the cell. Helps to maintain water
balance.
Vacuole
64
Convert light energy into relatively stable
chemical energy via the photosynthetic
process
Chloroplast
65
a biological process by which an organism produces an offspring or another one of the same
kinds.
Reproduction
66
Reproduction in Plant ___ process by which do not require fusion.
Asexual reproduction
67
New shoots arise from an auxiliary
bud on a swollen, short, fleshy
underground stem.
Tuber
68
• New plants arise at the nodes of
the horizontal stem above the
ground
Runner
69
• New plants arise at the nodes of
the horizontal rootlike
underground stem
Rhizome
70
```
• arise from an auxiliary
bud on very short stems with thick
fleshy leaves (only in monocots).
```
Bulb
71
• Leaves, stems, or roots are cut
from one plant. Planted in soil and
used to grow new individuals.
Cutting
72
• Small stems from one plant are
attached to larger stems or roots
of another plant.
Budding and Grafting
73
• Piece of tissue from one plant are
placed on a sterile medium and
used to grow new plants.
Tissue Culture (laboratory techniques)
74
plant male reproductive part.
Stamen
75
Female plant reproductive part.
Pistil
76
• This refers to transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
. Pollination
77
This refers to transfer of pollen from same flower.
Self-pollination
78
This refers to transfer of pollen from another flower
Cross pollination
79
• Once the pollen lands on the sticky, sugary substance that covers the stigma, a tube-like structure
grows from the stigma and elongates to form a pollen tube.
Fertilization
80
• Seed disperse depends on the wind, human, animals, and etc.
Seed Dispersal
81
• Grows to form a new plant.
Germination
82
It is the process by which one organism self-reproduce.
Asexual Reproduction
83
• An organism divides into two, after
which each half grows into a new
organism.
Binary Fission
84
• A parent organism produces offspring
| by growing a tiny replica of itself.
Budding
85
• Separated pieces of the parent
| organism can develop into an individual.
Fragmentation
86
Process known as “fertilization”
Sexual Reproduction
87
The word science came from the latin word ___ meaning knowledge
scientia
88
the process of acquiring knowledge through observations and experimentation. It also is an organized body of knowledge that people have learned and gained through a scientific process.
Science
89
deals with the matter, its composition, structure, properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy accompanying these changes
Chemistry
90
Is the study of the Earth, including what it is made of, what its internal and external sections look like, and how it is similar to and different from other heavenly bodies.
Earth Science
91
deals with celestial bodies, including their motion, position, and size
Astronomy
92
focuses on the solid Earth and the changes that occur in it
Geology
93
Deals with water and water systems on and beneath Earth's system.
Hydrology
94
examines the condition of and the changes in the atmosphere.
Meteorology
95
deals with all aspects of the oceans and seas, including the phenomena associated with these bodies of water, such as tidal cycles and fish migration
Oceanology
96
deals with the form and structure of organisms
Anatomy
97
is the study of cells and their structure and functions
Cytology
98
deals with the functions and activities of living matter such as cells, tissues, and organs
Physiology
99
deals with the formation and development of an organism from gametes to the fetus
Embryology
100
studies heredity -- the ways in which characteristics are passed on from parent(s) to offspring
genetics
101
deals with classifying, grouping, and naming organisms
Taxonomy
102
studies the chemical composition and reactions in organisms
Biochemistry
103
deals with microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, and their characteristics and roles in medicine, industries, and agriculture.
Microbiology
104
the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment
Ecology
105
A German Biologist who coined the term "Ecology"
Ernst Haeckel
106
refers to the change in position of the body from a reference point
Motion
107
is the actual length traveled by a body
Distance
108
It has a magnitude but no direction
Scalar Quantity
109
the straight-line distance from the initial position to the final position of a body
Displacement
110
requires both magnitude and direction
Vector Quantity
111
the distance traveled by a body per unit of time
speed
112
the rate of change of velocity
acceleration
113
What are the three vector quantities
displacement, velocity, acceleration
114
What are the three scalar quantities
speed, time, distance
115
This occurs when the body is no longer uniformly accelerating. it moves downward with a constant velocity called ____
Terminal Velocity
116
a disturbance that moves from one place to another through space or a medium
wave
117
the motion of the particles of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave
transverse wave
118
the highest point of a wave
crest
119
the lowest point of a transverse wave
trough
120
The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. (the height of a wave)
amplitude
121
What do you call the symbol of the wavelength?
lambda (λ)
122
A wave that travels in a direction parallel to the direction of motion of the particles of the medium
longitudinal wave
123
A region of the longitudinal wave that is pressed together
compression
124
The stretched regions of a longitudinal wave
rarefaction
125
the number of waves passing through a given point per unit of time
frequency of waves
126
waves that require a material medium
mechanical wave
127
waves that propagate with or without a medium
electromagnetic wave
128
It shows the arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to wavelength and frequency
electromagnetic spectrum
129
These are longitudinal waves produced by vibrating bodies
Sound
130
The highness and lowness of a sound
pitch
131
the magnitude of a sound wave of a given frequency
loudness
132
The maker of the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
133
He proposed the corpuscular or particle theory of light
Isaac Newton
134
He proposed the wave theory to explain the propagation of light
Christiaan Huygens
135
He proposed the electromagnetic wave theory
James Clerk Maxwell
136
The spreading of white light that passes through a prism into a band of colors
spectrum
137
The splitting of white light into seven component colors
Dispersion
138
the total energy of particles in a material
internal energy
139
the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system
temperature
140
The energy transit from one body or system to another
heat
141
The transfer of energy between particles of matter by direct contact
conduction
142
Transfers heat via electromagnetic wave
Radiation
143
The interaction between charges at rest is a common phenomenon
Static electricity
144
The science that deals with electric charges at rest
electrostatics
145
Conducting electric charge to the ground or the earth with a conductor
grounding
146
A metal rod mounted on the highest point of buildings and other tall structures
Lightning rod
147
a universally used system for locating and indicating points on Earth's surface using a set of numbers or symbols
geographic coordinate system
148
the measurement of distance north or south of the equator
latitude
149
the measurement east or west of the prime meridian.
Longitude
150
____ is the meridian in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°.
prime meridian
151
____ is the invisible line that runs around the center of the Earth at 0 degrees latitude.
Equator
152
the lowermost layer and has the densest air. Also known as the "weather sphere"
Troposphere
153
Is found in the stratosphere, shields Earth from ultraviolet rays
Ozone Layer
154
Air moving horizontally
wind
155
The movement of wind from the sea to the land
sea breeze
156
The movement of wind from the land to the sea
land breeze
157
winds that change direction as season changes
Monsoon
158
originates as Indian Ocean trade winds from the Indian Ocean anticyclone during the Southern Hemisphere winter
Southwest monsoon (Habagat)
159
Originates from the cold winter anticyclone
Northeast monsoon (Amihan)
160
This is where trade winds from the Northern Hemisphere and Southern hemisphere converge or meet
Intertropical convergence Zone (ITCZ)
161
is a chemical or biological substance that harms the atmosphere
air pollutant
162
is caused by air pollutants that are suspended in the air.
Air pollution
163
are among the most damaging air pollutants to human health and ecosystems
Sulfur Oxides
164
a colorless, odorless, and a tasteless hazardous compound found in the air
Carbon Monoxide
165
complex chemicals that are composed of hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbon
166
The energy received on the Earth's Surface
insolation
167
the moon blocks the sun's rays and the shadow of the moon falls on earth's surface
Solar eclipse
168
it occurs when the moon moves within the shadow of the earth
Lunar Eclipse
169
A push or pull that produces a change in the state of motion of an object
Force
170
States that a body continues in its state of rest or in its state of motion at a constant velocity provided that no net force acts on it
Law of inertia
171
the relationship between acceleration, force, and inertia
Law of Acceleration
172
the magnitude of gravitational force acting on the object's mass
weight of an object
173
in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects.
Law of Interaction
174
a body moving in a circular path with a constant speed
Uniform Circular Motion
175
The force that is present on two surfaces are in contact or move past each other
Frictional force
176
The tendency of a body to resist change in motion
Inertia
177
the product of the force exerted on an object and the displacement
work
178
the rate of doing work
power
179
The energy of a moving object
kinetic energy
180
a stored kind of energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position
potential energy
181
A device that helps people to do work easier and faster
Machine
182
A flat surface with one end higher than the other
inclined plane
183
the ability to do work
energy
184
the variation of the pitch heard due to the relative motion of the observer and the source of sound
Doppler effect
185
carries a great deal of energy concentrated on the surface of the cone
Shock Wave
186
The technique used by certain animals to locate food or barriers.
Echolocation
187
He studies about Technolocation
Lazzaro Spallanzani
188
The change in direction of a sound wave
refraction
189
A reflected sound
echo
190
the bending of waves around edges of a barrier opening
Diffraction
191
The overlapping of waves
interference
192
A navigational technique that uses sound to gather information about the surrounding environment
Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
193
A property of a given transparent medium which is the inverse measure of the speed of the light through the medium
Optical Density
194
The direction of light when it passes through a triangular prism
Dispersion
195
A spectacular display of colors
rainbow
196
A filter that allows light to pass through
Polaroid
197
It shows that light is a transverse wave
Polarization
198
An instrument of measuring temperature
Thermometer
199
The boiling point of celsius
100 degrees Celcius
200
boiling point of kelvin
373 kelvin
201
the freezing point of Fahrenheit
32F
202
the boiling point of fahrenheit
212F
203
freezing point of kelvin
273K
204
Absolute Zero of celsius
273C
205
He was known for his investigations on the nature of heat
Benjamin Thompson
206
The production of vapor or gas from matter in another phase
Vaporization
207
The flow of charged particles in a specific direction
Electric current
208
the SI unit of current
Ampere
209
the electrical pressure difference caused by the battery
voltage or potential difference
210
The unit of voltage invented by Alessandro Volta
Volt
211
opposition to the electron flow along a conductor
Resistance
212
A circuit in which there is only one path for the current to flow through the wire
series circuit
213
A circuit where there is more than one conducting path for the current to pass through
parallel circuit
214
The unit of power
watts
215
the product of power and time
electrical energy
216
The vibration of rocks when the energy stored in them is released
earthquake
217
is located above the focus, the origin of the earthquake
epicenter
218
two plates move or drift away from each other
divergent plate boundaries
219
tectonic plates slide past one another, generating strong earthquakes
transform plate boundary
220
the movement is up or down and parallel to the dip of the inclined fault.
dip-slip fault
221
the movement or slip is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault
strike-slip fault
222
has both dip-slip and strike-slip displacements: either an upward or downward sliding of the fault block
oblique-slip fault
223
refers to the perceptible strength of an earthquake in a certain locality or area.
intensity
224
refers to the energy release at the earthquake's point of origin
magnitude
225
refers to the downward movement of soil or rock
landslide
226
deformation on the ground that marks the intersection of the fault plane with Earth's surface
Ground rupture
227
giant sea waves caused by undersea, shallow-seated earthquakes
tsunami
228
Scientists use this to record data about earthquakes
Seismograph
229
An intense low-pressure wind system that brings heavy rain
Tropical cyclone
230
The designated area in the Northwestern Pacific where PAGASA monitors weather occurrences
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
231
icy celestial bodies that are formed in the outer regions of the solar system
comets
232
An area found beyond the orbit of Neptune
Kuiper Belt
233
Extends to about 50 000 AU away from the sun
Oort Cloud
234
Small chunks of rock and debris in space
Meteoroids
235
These are commonly called shooting stars or falling stars with bright trails
Meteors
236
chunks orbiting the sun in the same directions as the planets
Asteroids or planetoids
237
Unusually bright and big meteors
Fireballs
238
particles that are much smaller than an atom
subatomic particles
239
He was the first to propose an atomic theory, which was a landmark in the history of chemistry
John Dalton
240
negatively charged particle located outside the atomic nucleus
electron
241
a subatomic particle whose charge is positive
proton
242
The inventor of the periodic table
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
243
serves as the entrance to the digestive system
oral cavity (mouth)
244
responsible for mastication, the process of crushing and grinding food
teeth
245
a long, muscular structure that perceives taste
tongue
246
the juice secreted by the salivary glands
saliva
247
a funnelform structure that serves as a passageway for food and air
pharynx
248
the j-shaped, expandable organ where the esophagus empties food through a muscular valve
stomach
249
three parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
250
the largest gland that secretes bile
liver
251
secretes substances not only for digestion but also for other organ systems of the body
pancreas
252
it facilitates the absorption of water and salts, and stores undigested food temporarily
Large intestine or colon
253
a small sac located in the lower right side of the abdomen
appendix
254
the process in which a cell divides to produce more cells
cell division
255
a molecular structure where hereditary information is stored
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
256
the disappearance of species
extinction
257
the introduction of humanmade materials or natural substances that harms the surroundings and living organisms
Pollution
258
the overuse of resources, an assault against wild species
Overexploitation
259
is the solid, outer part of the Earth. It is composed of the crust and upper mantle
Lithosphere
260
- under the Lithosphere
- lower part of the mantle
- made of bendable rock
Asthenosphere
261
is the inner part of the Earth.
- is composed of Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni)
- is divided into two parts
core
262
remains of meteoroids on Earth
Meteorites
263
are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a
result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large
man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy
Seismic wave
264
A large plate and a rigid slab of solid rocks
Plate Tectonics
265
father of Plate Tectonic Theory
Alfred Wegener
266
the continents were once joined as a
| single supercontinent called _____
PANGAEA
267
states that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large
and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, mobile material
Theory of Plate Tectonics
268
a long mountain range on the seafloor formed by lava eruptions through Earth’s crust
Mid-Ocean Ridge
269
Refers to the transfer of heat by the mass
Convection current
270
Either push tectonic plates toward each other or pull them apart
Driving Force
271
Act against the driving forces of plate tectonics
Resisting Force
272
- Convergent movement of tectonic plates
- Denser plate is pushed beneath a lighter one.
- Volcanoes formed in subduction zones.
Subduction
273
Continental-Continental Converging plates
| - Squeezing and folding of rocks
Mountain Ranges
274
the longest mountain
| range in the Philippines
Sierra Madre
275
What are the two seismic waves
Body waves and Surface waves
276
– are zigzag patterns drawn on paper by seismograph’s
pendulum, which serves as a marker. Using ____, scientists construct
a travel time graph.
Seismograms
277
____ explains the geological processes that lead to the formation
of mountains.
Orogenesis
278
a mountain created when two tectonic plates converge or
| collide with each other.
Fold mountains
279
these mountains are created by faults. Faults occur where tectonic plates rub up
against each other, but don’t collide head on.
Fault-block mountains
280
mountains that are continually being built upon so long as the volcano is active.
Volcanic mountains
281
They get this name because dome mountains are created when
magma is pushed up towards the Earth’s crust. The magma is
never erupted, but causes the crust to rise, forming a ____
dome mountain (upwarped mountain)
282
The Proponent of radiowaves
heinrich Hertz
283
The proponent of ultraviolet waves
Johann Wilhelm Ritter
284
The proponent of gamma rays
Paul Villard
285
X-RAYS (Roentgen Rays)
| Proponent:
Wilhelm Conrad roentgen
286
VISIBLE LIGHT
| Proponent:
Sir Isaac Newton
287
INFRARED
| Proponent:
Sir William Herschel
288
MICROWAVES
| Proponent:
James Clerk Maxwell
289
It is the bouncing back of light into the same medium that has been traveling after striking a surface.
REFLECTION
290
It is used for determining location, size, attitude or orientation and type of image.
RAY DIAGRAM
