For Quiz, First Quarter Exam Flashcards
The study of important recorded events
History
-Father of history
He was the first historian to properly record the events that took place during that time
Herodotus (484-425 BC)
Improved the writing techniques of Herodotus and emphasized factual reporting, during the Peloponnesian war
Thucydides (400-460 BC)
The scientific study of language
Linguistic
-Laid the foundation western linguistics as part of the study of rhetoric on his book poetics
-father of political science
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Father of linguistics; dominant model of formal linguistics
Noam Chomsky (1928)
Study of politics, power, and government
Political science
First thinker to analyze political science; express his political ideas in his book
Plato (427-347 BC)
Author of leviathan; human nature is inherently selfish and driven be a desire for power; he believed that a strong ruler is needed to impose order in the state
Thomas Hobbes (1558-1679)
Two treatises of government; he believes that the purpose of the government is to protect the “natural rights” of its citizens.
John Locke (1632-1704)
Study of behavior and mental processes; its development could be dated back as early as the ancient greece
Psychology
Claimed that the brain is the seat of the rational human mind
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
German psychologist; father of modern psychology; distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and biology; first person to call himself a “psychologist”; found the first formal laboratory for psychological research
Wilhelm wundt (1832-1920)
Russian experimental scientist; studied the behavior and nervous system of animals
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Austrian neurologist pursued to understand the working of an unconscious mind; deemed to be the source of human actions; developed the method known as psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Is the study of human relationships and institutions
Sociology
He invented the term sociology; he emphasized that the study of society must be scientific
Auguste comte (1798-1857)
Were also considered as pioneer thinkers in sociology in the early 1900’s;
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and Max Weber (1864-1920)
Branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the relationships among individuals within those society
Social Science
Established in the 19th century; it is about how they interact with others in the society and how the societies interact with each other
Science of society
Branches of social science
E-conomics
A-nthropology
H-istory
P-sychology
P-olitical science
S-ociology
G-eography
D-emography
Studies the allocation of scarce resources; the production and exchange of goods and services; comes from the greek word oikonomia means “household management”
Economics
Father of economics; an inquiry to the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (1776); lay the foundations for economic theories and doctrine; advocated the doctrine of laissez faire (let-alone policy) means the government should not interfere with business
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Study of humanity
Anthropology
He recorded important events in the greek-persian wars (499-449 BC)
Herodotus (484-425 BC)
Father of modern anthropology; introduced the concept of cultural relativism
Franz boas (1858-1942)
Is the idea that a person’s belief and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture
Cultural relativism
Study of human population; came from the Greek word demos, meaning “the people” and graphy meaning “writing about or recording something”
Demography
Chanakya (indian teacher); flourished 300 BCE; philosophy: the States are always at wae and seek power
Kautilya
(1332-1406); 14th century historian; author of muqaddimah
Ibn khaldun
(1766-1834); an essay on the principle of population (1798)
Thomas Rober Malthus
Field of science devoted to the study of lands, features, and inhabitants and phenomena of earth; derives from the greek γεωγραφία-geographia, literally “earth-writing”
Geography
Father of geography; first person to use the word geography; first peron to calculate the circumference of the earth
Erastothenes
Best known for being the first person to calculate the circumference of the earth
Erastosthenes
He wrote the three-book volume geographika
Erastosthenes
Father of structural functionalism
Herbert Spencer
Institutions/structures are interdependent and work together to meet the needs of individual
Structural functionalism
He said, Society should be analyzed and described in terms of functions
Emile Durkheim
“Society is a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function without the other”
Emile Durkheim
Two types of functions
- Manifest function
- Latent function
Intended and recognized
Manifest function
Unintended and unrecognized
Latent function
Two classes of individuals (marxism)
- Bourgeoisie
- Proletariat
The difference between bourgeoisie and proletariat
Bourgeoisie (proprietor)
Proletariat (laborers)
He focused on how society achieves social stability which he referred to as “dynamic equilibrium”
Talcot parson’s
The family may meet other needs welfare, military, political, religious functions
Functional fit theory (talcot parson’s)
Whole name of max weber
Maximilian karl emil weber
One of the founders of modern sociology
Max weber
He developed the social action theory
Max Weber
Viewing society as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning develop views about the world, and communicate with one another
Symbolic interactionism
A theory that centered to human communication both verbal and nonverbal and to images, symbols significance through language and manner of individual understanding
Symbolic interactionism
American philosophy professor
george herbert mead
The founder of symbolic interactionism theory
George herbert mead
His students gathered his teachings and lectures and published a book titled mind, self, and society in his name
George herbert mead
We build up our self-idea by seeing how others see us, we see a reflection of ourselves according to cooley
Mirror self
Sees society as an arrangement of interconnected parts that are incongruity to keep up a condition of parity and social equilibrium
Structural functionalism
He proposed that all orders experience phases of financial turns of events
Marxism
Talcot parson argues that there are two types of family structure
- Nuclear family (only what’s inside a family)
- Extended family (three generations living under one roof)
Three major theoretical perspectives:
- Structural functionalism
- Marxism
- Symbolic interactionism
According to emile durkheim (1895) society is an intricate arrangement of interrelated and related parts that cooperate to look other steadiness and that society is held together by shared qualities, dialects, and images
Socio-cultural
According to functionalism, the government has four main purposes
- Planning and directing society
- Meeting social needs
- Maintaining law and order
- Managing international relations
Viewed government as a system to impose norms and control conflict
Functionalism
Explores the struggle between those in power and those who are not in power within society
Conflict theory
Elaborated on some of marx’s concepts, coining the phrase power elite to describe what he saw, as the small grouo of powerful people controls much of society.
Wright mills
Coined the term and characterized it with basic premises (1) human beings communicate based on the meanings they attributed to things (2)the attribute meanings are based from our interactions with others and society (3) the meanings are interpreted through a process used by a person based on his/her experience
Herbert Blumer
A method of sociological analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common sense view of the world
Ethnomethodology
A branch of symbolic interactionism, studies how human interactions can make the impression of collective social order despite the absence of common understanding and the existence of opposing perspectives
Ethnomethodology
One of the significant symbolic interactionism idea interrelated to work and economy is called as “career inheritance”
Economic
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that examines communication pattern, interpretation and adjustment among individuals relative to the meanings of symbols
Socio-cultural
