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ABE102 MATERIALS AND PROCESSES OF ABE > For Midterms > Flashcards

For Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

✓The objective of this issuance is to protect every workingman against the dangers of injury,

A

Occupational safety and health standards (OSHS)

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2
Q

✓Purpose
“To help reduce the risk of injuries
and fatalities by providing practical
guidance on farm health and
safety…
”

A

OSHS

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3
Q

the primary goal of _______ is to
prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities
that may occur during the use,
maintenance, or repair of industrial
machines.

A

Machine safety

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4
Q

refers to the practices, procedures, and
technologies implemented to ensure the
well-being of individuals and the safe
operation of machinery and equipment.

A

Machine Safety

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5
Q

It is
less likely to occur if the operator checks
the conditions of the machine seasonally
and again before each day’s work.

A

Improper Maintenance of Machinery

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6
Q

When human judgement (or error) forces a
machine beyond its designed capability
limits, a machine operator is in a
hazardous position, because the machine
does not function efficiently.

A

Improper Use of Machinery

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7
Q

A structure on a farm tractor or self-
propelled machine that limits most
equipment roll-overs to 90 degrees
and protects the operator within the
frame of safety if he/she is wearing
the seatbelt.

A

Roll-over Protective
Structure (ROPs):

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8
Q

A shaft that allows transmission of power
from a farm tractor to a piece of
equipment attached to it.

A

Power Take-off (PTO):

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9
Q

Example of Between rotating and tangentially
moving parts

A

belt drives.

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10
Q

Example of Rotating parts
operating alone

A

couplings.

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11
Q

Example of Running nips between
parts rotating in
opposite directions

A

gear wheels.

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12
Q

This must be used only where an
immediate hazard exists.

A

➢Danger Sign

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13
Q

shall be used only to
warn against potential hazards or to
caution against unsafe practices.

A

Caution sign

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14
Q

signs reminds
workers to follow safety
procedures and safety policies.

A

Safety Instruction Signs

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15
Q

Raise the arm vertically overhead, palm to the
front, and rotate in large horizontal circles.

A

COME TO ME.

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16
Q

Place palms at ear level facing head and move laterally
inward to indicate remaining distance to go.

A

THIS FAR TO GO.

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17
Q

To signal this, move arm in a circle at waist
level as though you were cranking an engine.

A

START THE ENGINE.

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18
Q

To signal this extend
arm horizontally at your side, palm down, and wave
arm downward (45 degrees minimum) several times,
keeping arm straight. Don’t move arm above
horizontal.

A

SLOW IT DOWN. DECREASE SPEED.

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19
Q

Face the desired direction of movement; hold the arm
extended to the rear; then swing it overhead and forward
in the direction of desired movement until it is horizontal,
palm down.

A

MOVE OUT-TAKE OFF.

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20
Q

Point toward person(s), vehicles(s), unit(s), beckon by holding
the arm horizontally to the front, palm up, and motioning
toward the body.

A

MOVE FOWARD ME-FOLLOW ME.

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21
Q

Raise the hand to the shoulder, fist closed, thrust the fist
upward to the full extent of the a

A

SPEED IT UP- INCREASE SPEED.

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22
Q

Raise hand upward to the full extent of the arm, palm to the
front. Hold that position until the signal is understood.

A

STOP.

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23
Q

Make circular motion with either
hand at neck level.

A

STOP THE ENGINE.

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24
Q

Make circular motion with either
hand at head level or pointing upward

A

RAISE EQUIPMENT.

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25
Q

Make circular motion with either hand pointing to the
ground.

A

LOWER EQUIPMENT.

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26
Q

“Safety is as simple as ABC

A

Always Be Careful”

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27
Q

ANSI

A

American National Standards Institute

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28
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health
Administration

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29
Q

are used to describe the
standard use of colors for safety purposes in
the workplace.

A

Safety Colors

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30
Q

How many Basic Color-Coding Requirements from
OSHA

A

4

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31
Q

What are the Basic Color-Coding Requirements from
OSHA

A
  1. Danger
  2. Warning
  3. Caution
  4. Biological Hazards
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32
Q

➢OSHA requires these signs to be red or predominantly
red.

A

Danger

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33
Q

signs are only used when there is an immediate
risk to the life and health of an employee

A

Danger

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34
Q

this category is for when there is a risk, but it is not as
severe or immediate as when danger is used.

A

Warning

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35
Q

This sign must use the color yellow.

A

Caution

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36
Q

This category is for alerting people to a
potential risk.

A

Caution

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37
Q

This sign must be color orange

A

Warning

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38
Q

the color to use is fluorescent orange or an
orange-red color.

A

Biological Hazards

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39
Q

Color used for hazards
related to striking, falling, slipping, tripping, pinch
points, and other similar hazards that are common
in many manufacturing or warehouse facilities

A

Yellow

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40
Q

this should be used when there is a
fire-related hazard in an area. What color

A

Red

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41
Q

This can also be
used to alert people to stop, which is essential for
indoor or outdoor driving and other situations. What color

A

Red

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42
Q

is a private nonprofit organization that
oversees the development of voluntary
consensus standards for products, services,
processes, systems, and personnel in the
United States.

A

ANSI

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43
Q

Color used to alert people of
dangerous parts on a machine or piece of
equipment. The danger could be from a
crush, cut, shock hazard, or any other
hazard that could physically harm people
or the facility.

A

Orange

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44
Q

Color used on any safety signs, labels,
or other objects to signify danger or to
alert people that they need to stop.

A

Red

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45
Q

Color used to alert people to the
presence of an emergency egress. This
provides directions for those needing to
escape areas during emergency events.

A

Green

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46
Q

Color Anywhere that caution needs
to be used,

A

Yellow

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47
Q

Color is used on signs and labels that provide information and suggestions
about a particular item or location. This information doesn’t necessarily have
to be safety related.

A

Blue

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48
Q

Color reserved for future use by ANSI.

A

Gray

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49
Q

Color reserved by ANSI for future use, but it has
become a de facto standard for radiation hazards through popular use.

A

Purple

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50
Q

used for guiding traffic or telling people which direction
to go. These colors can also be for housekeeping practices in the facility.

A

Black & White

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51
Q

Color for toxic and/or corrosive solutions.

A

Orange

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52
Q

Color used for any combustible liquids or gases.

A

Brown

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53
Q

Color used for flammable liquids or gases.

A

Yellow

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54
Q

Color used for compressed air.

A

Blue

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55
Q

used to label water pipes. Note that this can be
water used for coolant, waste, or other things, so it is not necessarily
potable.

A

Green

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56
Q

Color used for fire-quenching liquids or solutions.

A

Red

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57
Q

hard hats for carpenters and other
technical workers.

A

Blue

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58
Q

hard hats for construction
workers and laborers.

A

Yellow

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59
Q

hats for site managers,
engineers, or supervisors.

A

White

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60
Q

hard hat for crane operators.

A

Orange

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61
Q

hard hats for safety inspectors.

A

Green

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62
Q

hard hat for fire marshals.

A

Red

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63
Q

hard hat for welders and other workers
who are exposed to high heat applications .

A

Brown

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64
Q

hard hats for site visitors.

A

Grey

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65
Q

are any tools or machine powered by an
external source of energy, such as electricity
or compressed air.
➢ extremely hazardous when used
improperly.

A

Power Tools

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66
Q

…greatest hazards posed
by this tools result from misuse
and improper maintenance.

A

Hand Tools

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67
Q

➢are tools that are powered manually.

A

Hand Tools

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68
Q

tools that are usually operated
with gasoline. The most serious hazard
associated with the use of fuel-powered
tools comes from fuel vapors that can burn
or explode and give off dangerous exhaust
fumes.

A

Liquid Fuel Tools

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69
Q

➢are powered by compressed air and include
chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.

A

Pneumatic Tools

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70
Q

tools that operate like a
loaded gun and must be treated with
extreme caution. In fact, they are so
dangerous that they must be operated
only by specially trained employees.

A

Powder-Actuated Tools

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71
Q

tools that use pressurized fluid to operate

A

Hydraulic Power Tools

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72
Q

coniferous trees

A

Softwood

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73
Q

deciduous trees

A

Hardwood

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74
Q

is a commonly used construction
material in many parts of the
world because of its reasonable
cost, ease of working, attractive
appearance and adequate life if
protected from moisture and
insects.

A

Wood

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75
Q

Properties of woods are in terms of

A

Mechanical and
✓Physical Property

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76
Q

hardwood vs softwood
This covers a large area of heartwood

A

Hardwood

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77
Q

hardwood vs softwood
This cover less heartwood

A

Softwood

78
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Sapwood area is smaller

A

Hardwood

79
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Sapwood area is larger

A

Softwood

80
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Dark in color

A

Hardwood

81
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Light in color

A

Softwood

82
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Growth rings are close

A

Hardwood

83
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Growth rings are far apart

A

Softwood

84
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Poor fire resistance

A

Hardwood

85
Q

hardwood vs softwood
Better fire resistance

A

Softwood

86
Q

is also quite closely related to
density.

A

Strength

87
Q

Not only is related to the
species, but also to moisture content
(MC) and defects.

A

Strength

88
Q

in wood is its ability to resist breaking
when it is used in beams and columns.

A

Strength

89
Q

What is Janka Method

A

Austrian-born American researcher
Gabriel Janka (1864–1932)
➢ 11.28-millimeter-diameter steel ball
halfway into a sample of wood.
➢ Sample size: 80mm × 150mm × 6-
8mm
➢ MC 12%

90
Q

is the resistance to denting and
wear. While hardwoods are more
difficult to work, they are required
for tools, tool handles, flooring and
other applications subject to wear,
or where a high polish is desired.

A

Hardness

91
Q

This wood will deflect considerably before
breaking. Even after fracturing, the
fibers tend to hang together and
resist separation. These are
resistant to shock loading.

A

Tough woods

92
Q

resist deflection or bending when
loaded. These woods are not necessarily
very strong. They may resist bending
up to a point and then break
suddenly.

A

Woods that are stiff

93
Q

is deformity in wood occurring
when the moisture content of
different parts of a piece of wood
changes unevenly.

A

Warping

94
Q

is the twisting, bending or bowing
distortions shown by some
woods.

A

Warping

95
Q

Nail-holding resistance is also known as

A

nail withdrawal
resistance

96
Q

Pre-boring to 75% of the nail size avoids
splitting.

A

Nail-holding resistance

97
Q

also known as nail withdrawal
resistance, is an important property of
wood, especially in construction
applications where nails are commonly
used to join pieces together

A

Nail-holding resistance

98
Q

also known as wood durability,
refers to its ability to resist
degradation caused by fungi,
bacteria, and insects.

A

Natural-decay resistance

99
Q

refers to how easily a particular type
of wood can be cut, shaped

A

Workability

100
Q

Physical Property of wood

A
  1. Color
  2. Luster/Grain
  3. Texture
  4. Density
101
Q

Mechanical Properties of woods

A

Strength
Hardness
Woods that are stiff
Tough woods
Warping
Nail-holding resistance
The workability
Natural-decay resistance
Paint-holding

102
Q

also referred to as adhesion,
refers to how well paint adheres
to the surface of wood and resists
peeling, cracking, or flaking over
time.

A

Paint-holding

103
Q

This is primarily
due to the presence of different
pigments and extractives within the
wood.

A

Color

104
Q

This color can be soft or
hard.

A

Medium-colored woods (reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, and
even some grays)

105
Q

The color of wood can be affected by
several factors these are the

A

➢age, exposure to sunlight, and the
presence of stains or dyes.

106
Q

It describes how much light the
wood reflects, and how well it
showcases its natural beauty and
grain patterns.

A

Luster/Grain

107
Q

Luster/Grain is sometimes referred to as

A

Sheen

108
Q

refers to the reflectivity of light
from the wood’s surface.

A

Luster/Grain

109
Q

It is influenced by factors like
wood density, grain pattern, and
growth characteristics.

A

Texture

110
Q

refers to the surface feel of the
wood, which can be smooth,
rough, grainy, or even figured
(with unique patterns)

A

Texture

111
Q

more textured and uneven feel

A

Wavy, curly, or interlocked grain

112
Q

smoother and
more even texture

A

Straight grain

113
Q

When density or specific gravity is =
0.36 wood is called

A

light.

114
Q

When density or specific gravity is
<0.36 g/cm3 wood is called

A

very
light.

115
Q

When density or specific gravity is >
0.5, wood is

A

heavy.

116
Q

When density or specific gravity is
0.36 – 0.5, wood is

A

moderately
heavy.

117
Q

is directly related to the
amount of wood substance packed
into a specific volume.

A

Density

118
Q

Refers to the mass per unit volume
of wood.

A

Density

119
Q

___ woods are
generally heavier, harder, and
more durable but also more
challenging to work with.

A

Denser

120
Q

it’s a metal
created by combining two or more
elements.

A

Steel

121
Q

is a specific alloy

A

Steel

122
Q

is a general
category encompassing various
elements and their alloys exhibiting
certain characteristic properties.

A

Metal

123
Q

the primary elements of steel are

A

iron and carbon.

124
Q

The ferrous
metals which find their common
are:

A
  1. Cast
  2. Steel
125
Q

are those metals
in which the chief constituent is
iron. Besides iron, other constituent
like carbon, Sulphur, manganese
and phosphorus etc.

A

Ferrous Metals

126
Q

Ferrous Metals is made Besides iron, other constituent
like

A

carbon, Sulphur, manganese
and phosphorus etc.

127
Q

The
important non-ferrous metals are

A

copper, lead, tin, zinc and
aluminum.

128
Q

are those
which do not contain iron and are
widely in building industry.

A

Non-Ferrous Metals

129
Q

It is
hard and brittle.

A

Cast Iron

130
Q

Is a ferrous alloy which has more
than 2% carbon on it. Though it can
have any % of carbon between 2% to
6.67%, but practically it is in between
2% to 4% only.

A

Cast Iron

131
Q

Increase hardenability, wear
resistance, corrosion and oxidation
resistance.

A

Chromium

132
Q

Increase resistance to wear
and abrasions.

A

Manganese

133
Q

it increases hot hardness and
hot strength.

A

Tungsten

134
Q

Increases tensile strength

A

Nickel

135
Q

increases hardenability and
electrical resistivity

A

Silicon

136
Q

increase hardenability

A

Molybdenum

137
Q

It reduces hardenability and
increases ductility, which results in increased
impact strength

A

Niobium

138
Q

works as
deoxidizer in steel

A

Aluminum & Titanium

139
Q

it reduces hardenability and resist
at elevated temperatures

A

Cobalt

140
Q

Cast iron’s melting points is about

A

1200°C

141
Q

steel that contains
carbon from 1.5%

A

Very hard steel

142
Q

Steel that I contains
carbon from 0.15%

A

Very soft steel

143
Q

The higher the percentage of the _____
the harder and the tougher the steel.

A

Carbon

144
Q

carbon contents range from 0.6-1.5%

A

High carbon steel or hard steel

145
Q

carbon contents
range from 0.3 – 0.6%

A

Low or medium carbon steel

146
Q

having % of
carbon below 0.15%

A

Very low carbon steel

147
Q

Four main kinds of fabrication
techniques:

A
  1. Casting
  2. Forming
  3. Machining
  4. Welding/Joining
148
Q

works is a manufacturing process used
to create objects or shape by pouring in
liquid metal into a mold that holds the
required shape and letting harden the
metal without external pressure.

A

Casting

149
Q

when:
(a) product is large and/or complex
shapes
(b) material is low in ductility
This fabrication technique is used

A

Metal casting

150
Q

Types of Casting:

A
  1. Sand casting
  2. Investment casting
  3. Die casting
  4. Continuous casting
151
Q

A metallic piece is subjected to external
pressures to induce deformation; thus,
material acquires a desired shape.

A

Forming

152
Q

A process in which the desired size and
shape are obtained through the
deformation of metals plastically under
the action of externally applied forces.

A

Forming

153
Q

Types of
forming:

A

➢ Rolling
➢ Extrusion
➢ Drawing
➢ Forging
➢ Bending

154
Q

Two processes of
metal forming:

A

1) Cold forming
2) Hot forming

155
Q

Types of machining:

A
  1. Turning
  2. Milling
  3. Drilling
  4. Grinding
  5. Electromachining (EDM)
156
Q

➢ It plays a crucial role in various
industries, enabling the production of
diverse and intricate parts with high
precision and accuracy.

A

Machining

157
Q

manufacturing process used to create
desired shapes and features on a
workpiece by removing material in a
controlled manner.

A

Machining

158
Q

Types of welding:

A

➢ Arc Welding
➢ Oxyfuel gas welding
➢ Laser beam welding
➢ Resistance welding

159
Q

It’s a versatile and widely used technique
across various industries, enabling the creation
of strong and durable structures.

A

Welding

160
Q

a fabrication process that joins materials,
typically metals or thermoplastics, by using
heat to melt the parts together and allowing
them to cool and solidify, forming a
permanent bond

A

Welding

161
Q

Utilizes a combination of oxygen and a fuel gas (like acetylene) to produce a
flame that melts the metal.

A

Oxyfuel gas Welding

162
Q

Uses an electric arc generated between
an electrode and the workpiece to create
intense heat for melting.

A

Arc Welding

163
Q

Employs a highly concentrated laser beam to melt the metal precisely.

A

Laser Beam Welding

164
Q

refers to the ability of a material to be joined using a welding
process.

A

Weldability

165
Q

Uses electrical resistance to generate
heat at the joint between the metals
being joined.

A

Resistance Welding

166
Q

The word ‘Polymer’ is coined from two Greek words what is this?

A

poly means many and mer means unit or part.

167
Q

are the high molecular weight compounds obtained by
repeated union of simple molecules

A

Polymers

168
Q

The repeating structural units are derived from some
simple and reactive molecules known as ____
and are linked to each other by covalent bonds.

A

monomers

169
Q

is defined as very large molecules having high
molecular mass (macromolecules) which are formed by
joining of repeating structural units on a large scale.

A

Polymer

170
Q

This process of formation of polymers from respective
monomers is called _____.

A

polymerization

171
Q

[1] by Source
[2] by Backbone of the chain
[3] by Structure
[4] by Composition
[5] by Mode of Polymerization
[6] by Molecular force

A
172
Q

Classification of polymers based on some special considerations. The
following are some of the common classifications of polymers:

A

[1] by Source
[2] by Backbone of the chain
[3] by Structure
[4] by Composition
[5] by Mode of Polymerization
[6] by Molecular force

173
Q

3 polymers based on source

A

Natural Polymers:
Synthetic Polymers
Semi-synthetic Polymers

174
Q

are man-made materials
created through chemical reactions. They are
typically non-biodegradable and derived from
fossil fuels.

A

Synthetic Polymers

175
Q

These polymers are found in
plants and animals.

A

Natural Polymers:

176
Q

are derived from
natural polymers that have been chemically
modified to enhance certain properties. They
bridge the gap between natural and synthetic
Polymers

A

Semi-synthetic Polymers

177
Q

Polymers Based on Molecular Force:

A
  1. Elastomers
  2. Fibers
  3. Liquid Resins
  4. Plastics
  5. Thermoplastic
  6. Thermosetting plastic
178
Q

possess weak intermolecular forces
between their chains.

A

Elastomers (Rubbery Polymers):

179
Q

Types of elastomers (rubbery polymers)

A

➢ Natural rubber (polyisoprene)
➢ Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
➢ Nitrile rubber (NBR)

180
Q

Elastomers (Rubbery Polymers) possess weak intermolecular forces
between their chains. These forces may
include _____ and ____

A

van der Waals interactions and
dipole-dipole interactions.

181
Q

2 types of plastic

A

Thermoplastics and Thermosets

182
Q

soften when heated and harden on cooling
(totally reversible)

A

Thermoplastics

183
Q

exhibit intermolecular forces of intermediate
strength typically van der Waals interactions and
some hydrogen bonding in specific cases.

A

Thermoplastics

184
Q

The number is
a ______
developed by the Society of the Plastics
Industry to identify what materials/chemicals
are in each plastic item, how biodegradable it is,
the level of leaching, and for sorting purposes
.

A

resin identification code

185
Q

The number is
a resin identification code
developed by the _____ to identify what materials/chemicals
are in each plastic item, how biodegradable it is,
the level of leaching, and for sorting purposes
.

A

Society of the Plastics
Industry

186
Q

is mainly used in
applications of packaging and textile
production.

A

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)

187
Q

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)
is a polymer produced through the
polymerization of ___ & ____

A

ethylene glycol and
terephthalic acid.

188
Q

resists a wide range of chemicals,
making it suitable for various
applications.

A

High-density Polyethylene (HDPE)

189
Q

is a thermoplastic polymer made
from petroleum. It is one of the most
versatile plastic materials.

A

High-density Polyethylene (HDPE)

190
Q

is
one of the most widely produced
synthetic polymers globally. It’s
valued for its versatility,
affordability, and a range of useful
properties.

A

Polyvinyl Chloride
➢ often abbreviated as PVC or vinyl,

191
Q

is noted for its low
temperature flexibility, toughness,
and corrosion resistance.
➢ It is not suited for applications where
stiffness, high temperature resistance
and structural strength are required.

A

Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE)

ABE102 MATERIALS AND PROCESSES OF ABE (3 decks)

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