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biol1080 > for final > Flashcards

for final Flashcards

1
Q

main parts of the central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

role of the central nervous system

A

integrates/coordinates input and output; thoughts, emotions, memories

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3
Q

2 parts to the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory input and motor output

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4
Q

sensory input

A

input from sensory receptors responding to external stimuli, skin muscles and joints, internal organs

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5
Q

2 parts of motor output

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

directs voluntary movement

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary bodily activities (heart rate and breathing)

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system branches off to:

A

parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

governs bodily activities during restful conditions (acetylcholine)

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body for stressful or emergency situations (norepinephrine)

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11
Q

major cell types of the adult human CNS

A
  1. neurons
  2. Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Microglia
  5. Ependymal cells
    ** 2-5 can be classified together as “glial” cells**
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12
Q

Most abundant cell type in the adult human CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

why are pain fibres not the fastest? (neurone)

A

because they do not have a reflex arc

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14
Q

reflex arc

A

the basic unit of a reflex, which involves neural pathways acting on an impulse before that impulse has reached the brain

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15
Q

What is the term(s) for a neurotransmitter specific to a given pre-synaptic neuron?

A

neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Insufficient levels of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine are associated with

A

depression

17
Q

Lack of acetylcholine is associated with

A

Alzhiemer’s

18
Q

Steps of a neurotransmitter

A

Step 1: impulse reaches the axon ending of the presynaptic membrane
Step 2: Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

19
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES

A
  • produce myelin
  • span multiple axons (each cell can support up to 30 myelin rolls)
  • are found in the CNS
20
Q

SCHWANN CELLS (PNS)

A
  • produce myelin
  • do not span multiple axons
  • are found in the PNS
21
Q

Astrocytes:

A

stellate (star-like) morphology
- Very important for communication
- More abundant than neurons

22
Q

Microglia:

A

mobile macrophage-like immune cells

23
Q

Ependymal cells:

A

line the ventricles to form a barrier; produces cerebrospinal fluid

24
Q

what gets through the blood brain barrier?

A
  • Mostly very small lipid soluble compounds (essential fatty acids)
  • Caffeine/alcohol
    = A problem when targeting drugs for the brain
25
Q

how does glucose get through the blood brain barrier?

A

A specific glucose transporter (GLUT1 – not insulin sensitive)

26
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET):

A

tracks glucose uptake (glucose tracer)

27
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):

A

tracks blood flow – deoxyhemoglobin is paramagneticoIt

28
Q

Networks are identified by

A

neurons using the same neurotransmitter

29
Q

Norepinephrine network modulates:

A

attention, arousal, sleep-wake, learning, memory, pain, anxiety and mood

30
Q

Psychostimulants:

A

methamphetamine, Ritalin (used by some college/university students as “smart drugs”), caffeine

31
Q

Serotonin network (affected with mood modulates):

A

pain, sleep-wake cycle, emotion

32
Q

Acetylcholine network modulates:

A

arousal, sleep-wake, learning, memory, sensory informationo

33
Q

Alzheimer’s disease characterized in part by:

A
  • Massive loss in cholinergic neurons (nerves that release acetylcholine)
  • Low acetylcholine levelsoV
34
Q

Various drugs available in Canada to treat Alzheimer’s symptoms are

A

cholinesterase (enzyme that rapidly breaks down Ach in the synapse) inhibitors

Controls the signal being continuously released (blocks the inhibitor so you are not breaking it down as fast)

35
Q

Dopamine network modulates:

A

motor control, reward/pleasure centers

36
Q

Dopamine agonists (stimulates; acts too similarly and mimics) used to increase health-span of individuals with:

A

Parkinson’s disease

37
Q
A

biol1080 (2 decks)

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