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Linguistics > For examination > Flashcards

For examination Flashcards

1
Q

Bow-wow theory

A

the idea that early human speech developed from imitations of natural sounds in the environment

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2
Q

The pooh-pooh theory

A

the idea that early human speech developed from the instinctive sounds people make in emotional circumstances

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3
Q

The yo-he-ho theory

A

Language evolved from sounds made to resonate with natural sounds

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4
Q

onomatopeic words

A

words that are similar to the noises they describe

e.g) boom, bang, splash

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5
Q

innateness hypothesis

A

the idea that humans are genetically equipped to acquire language.

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6
Q

Reflexivity

A

when humans reflect on language and how to use it

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7
Q

displacement

A

humans can refer to the past and future while animals cannot

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8
Q

Arbitrariness

A

a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning

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9
Q

cultural transmission

A

the process by which one generation passes on language to the next

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10
Q

Productivity

A

when humans create new expressions by manipulating their linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations

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11
Q

duality

A

Human language is organized in two levels simultaneously: individual sounds and particular combinations

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12
Q

phonetics

A

study of speech sounds

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13
Q

glottal stop

A

produced by a stoppage and sudden release of air at the level of the glottis. Common in the London working accent

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14
Q

schwa

A

The vowel sound sometimes heard in an unstressed syllable

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15
Q

flaps

A

produced when the tongue tip is tapping the alveolar ridge briefly

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16
Q

phoneme

A

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

replace the phoneme and get another word

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17
Q

allophones

A

when you add a prefix on the phoneme e.g) -allo

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18
Q

syllable

A

A unit of speech heard as a single sound; one “beat” of a word or phrase.

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19
Q

assimilation

A

when two sound segments occur in a sequence and some aspects of one segment is taken or copied by the other

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20
Q

Elision

A

process of pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the careful pronunciation of a word in isolation

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21
Q

Morphology

A

It’s the basic forms of language

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22
Q

Morphemes

A

Minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function

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23
Q

free morphemes

A

can stand on their own as a single word

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24
Q

bound morphemes

A

cannot normally stand on their own

- typically attached to another form

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25
Q

lexical morphemes

A

words that carry the content of the messages we convey

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26
Q

functional morphemes

A

we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, closed class of words

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27
Q

allomorphs

A

variant of morphemes

- using the prefix -allo

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28
Q

stems

A

bound morphemes + basic noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs

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29
Q

derivational morphemes

A

use this to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem

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30
Q

inflectional morphemes

A

used to indicate the grammatical function of a word

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31
Q

reduplication

A

repeating all forms or part of a form

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32
Q

agreement/

concord

A

Happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates

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33
Q

prescriptive grammar

A

a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be

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34
Q

descriptive grammar

A

set of rules about hos language actually should be

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35
Q

natural gender

A

the biologival distinction between male and female

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36
Q

grammatical gender

A

based on the noun instead of the biology and not he sex

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37
Q

syntax

A

structure of phrase and sentences

- means putting together, arrangement

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38
Q

generative grammar

A

can be used to generate or produce sentence structures and not just describe them

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39
Q

deep structure

A

an abstract level of structural organisation in which all the elements are determining the structural interpretation represented

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40
Q

surface structure

A

the different syntactic forms they have as individual English sentences

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41
Q

deep structure

A

an abstract level of structural organisation in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented

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42
Q

structural ambiguity

A

potential of multiple interpretations for a piece of written or spoken language because of the way words or phrases are organised

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43
Q

semantics

A

the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences

44
Q

associative meaning

A

particular qualities or characteristics that people often think about when hearing a word or a phrase

45
Q

conceptual meaning

A

the literal core or meaning of a word

eg) to kick the bucket
eg) to die

46
Q

semantic role

A

intiativtagaren i meningen

47
Q

synonymy

A

two words that are closely related to their meaning
eg) cop, police man, couch, sofa

  • the relationship between individual senses of words
48
Q

antonymy

A

two words with opposite meaning

eg) dead, alive

49
Q

homophones

A

same pronunciation, different spelling

50
Q

Homonyms

A

same pronunciation and same spelling but different meaning

51
Q

hyponomy

A

subcategories

52
Q

prototypes

A

the best representative of a category

e.g culturally specific

53
Q

polysemy

A

words that have different meaning

e.g Head, head of a company

54
Q

Metonymy

A 
relationships between words. 
- based on categories:
place
people
e.g Washington decides
55
Q

Corpus

A

collection of language data

56
Q

Corpus

A

collection of language data

56
Q

Corpus

A

collection of language data

57
Q

Pragmatics

A

background meaning, speaker meaning

e.g saying one thing but meaning another

58
Q

deixis

A

the function of using deictic words or forms

59
Q

reference

A

something you pick out in the real word

60
Q

face-threading act

A

apologising, discussion, talking against

61
Q

Anaphora

A

refer back to something

62
Q

antecedents

A

the thing we are referring back to

63
Q

antecedents

A

the thing we are referring back to

64
Q

discourse analysis

A

analysis of the language beyond the sentence

65
Q

neurolinguistics

A

the study between language and the brain

66
Q

malapropism

A

when you make mistakes with mixing up words that are similar to each other
- having the words on the tip of your tongue

67
Q

spoonerisms

A

slip of the tongue.

when you say the words in the wrong order

68
Q

aphasia

A

an impairment of language function from brain damage

- most common is stroke

69
Q

critical period

A

sensitive period when the child is most prompt to learn the language

70
Q

language acquisition

A

the gradual development over time of ability in a language by using it in natural setting
e.g conversations

71
Q

language learning

A

getting knowledge through practising grammar and vocabulary

e.g school

72
Q

audio-lingual method

A

listen to words in a lab

73
Q

communicative approaches

A

you learn to communicate, why and how

74
Q

grammar-translation method

A

vocabulary list and grammar rules

-learning, memorisation is encouraged and written language more than spoken

75
Q

audio-lingual approaches

A

emphasising spoken language. Moving from simple to more complex

76
Q

communicative approaches

A

the functions of language will result in an ability to use the language

77
Q

negative transer

A

putting the adjective after the noun, might be difficult for the person to learn the L2 expression

78
Q

positive transer

A

Swedish and English word order match each other

79
Q

interlanguage

A

somewhere in-between the language you’re aiming for and your native language
e.g pronunciation very good and word order not so good

80
Q

fossilization

A

L2 forms do not progress further. Hence ones accent

81
Q

pictograms

A

picture-writing

82
Q

ideograms

A

idea-writing. more abstract forms. Easy to understand

83
Q

logograms

A

word-writing

84
Q

rebus writing

A

the sounds of words in language

85
Q

syllabic writing

A

a writing system employs a set of symbols where each symbol represents a pronunciation
e.g Arabic

86
Q

Alphabetic writing

A

a writing system with the single symbol to single sounds

87
Q

orthography

A

spelling

88
Q

irregular correspondence

A

between sound and symbolic representation

89
Q

accent

A

description of pronunciation that identifies where the speaker is from

90
Q

dialect

A

describes features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspects of pronouncation

91
Q

language

A

dialect with an army an a navy

92
Q

isoglosses

A

represents a boundary between areas with regard to that one particular linguistic item

93
Q

dialect continuum

A

number of isoglosses that comes together

94
Q

diglossia

A

special situation involving two distinct varieties of a language

95
Q

NORMS

A

non-mobiles, older, rural, male speakers

96
Q

idiolect

A

personal dialect, our individual way of speaking

97
Q

speech accommodation

A

our ability to modify our speech towards the one who is listening

98
Q

AAVE

A

African American English, Black English, Ebonics

- used by African Americans in many regions

99
Q

overt prestige

A

when individuals change their speech to a form that is more used by those who have a higher social status

100
Q

covert prestige

A

hidden status of a speech style

e.g workers not changing their accts

101
Q

taboo

A

words and phrases often involving body parts, sexual acts etc.
- something that people avoid talking about

102
Q

Jargon

A

special technical vocabulary, specialised vocabulary used by those in a specific social group
- creates a strong connection in the group

103
Q

slang

A

used by those who are outside higher-status groups

- used as everyday terms by young people

104
Q

Idiolect

A

Linguistics (1 decks)

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