For and Against - 01 -'It's high time men ceased to regard women as second-class citizens'

Question 1

enlightened /ɪnˈlaɪtənd/ adjective
روشن شده

Answer 1

1 someone with enlightened attitudes has sensible modern views and treats people fairly and kindly
enlightened attitude/approach etc.
- ‘Empowerment’ is the new buzz-word in enlightened management circles.
2 showing a good understanding or knowledge of something SYN informed
- We don’t actually know, but I can make an enlightened guess.
- This is supposed to be an enlightened age

Question 2

hard-fought adjective
مبارزه سخت

Answer 2

a hard-fought game, competition, etc involves two opposing sides who are trying very hard to defeat each other
a hard-fought battle/contest/game etc
- one of the most hard-fought games this season
- a hard-fought battle for the presidency
- The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won.

Question 3

by no means/not by any means
به هیچ وجه

Answer 3

not at all
- It is by no means certain that the game will take place.
- She’s not a bad kid, by any means.
- The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over

Question 4

hostile /ˈhɒstaɪl $ ˈhɑːstl, ˈhɑːstaɪl/ adjective
خصومت آمیز

Answer 4

1 angry and deliberately unfriendly towards someone, and ready to argue with them
- Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception.
- Carr wouldn’t meet Feng’s stare, which was openly hostile.
- his hostile attitude
- It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile.
hostile to/towards
- The boy feels hostile towards his father.
2 opposing a plan or idea very strongly
hostile to/towards
- Senator Lydon was hostile to our proposals.
3 belonging to an enemy
- hostile territory
4 used to describe conditions that are difficult to live in, or that make it difficult to achieve something
hostile environment/climate/terrain etc
- a guide to surviving in even the most hostile terrain
- Sales increased last year despite the hostile economic environment.
5 → hostile takeover/bid
a situation in which a company tries to buy another company that does not want to be bought

Question 5

On the surface
ظاهرا

Answer 5

Superficially, to all outward appearances, as in On the surface he appeared brave and patriotic, but his troops knew better.
as in seemingly
to all outward appearances
- On the surface, they seem to have a fairytale marriage, but those close to them know it isn’t so simple.
- On the surface, the comments made by men about women’s abilities seem light-hearted.

Question 6

light-hearted /ˌlaɪt ˈhɑːtɪd $ -ɑːr-/ adjective
سبکبار؛ شاد

Answer 6

1 not intended to be serious
- a light-hearted comedy
- On the surface, the comments made by men about women’s abilities seem light-hearted.
2 cheerful and not worried about anything
- I found her in a light-hearted mood.
—light-heartedly adverb
—light-heartedness noun [uncountable]

Question 7

tired jokes
جوک های مسخره

Answer 7

Dull and foolish jokes
- Take your tired jokes back to the bar.
- The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in, day out.

Question 8

day in, day out
روز به روز، هرروزه

Answer 8

continuously or repeatedly over a long period of time.
- I worked with you day in, day out
- The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in, day out.

Question 9

apparent adjective
آشکار، معلوم

Answer 9

1 easy to notice SYN obvious
it is apparent (that)
- It soon became apparent that we had a major problem.
it is apparent from something that
- It is apparent from scientific studies that the drug has some fairly nasty side effects.
it is apparent to somebody that
- It was apparent to everyone that he was seriously ill.
- The difference in quality was immediately apparent.
- He left suddenly, for no apparent reason.
2 seeming to have a particular feeling or attitude, although this may not be true
- Despite his apparent lack of interest in his work, he did well in his exams.
- This apparent light-heartedness does not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women.

Question 10

conceal /kənˈsiːl/ verb
پنهان کردن، پوشاندن

Answer 10

1 to hide something carefully
- The shadows concealed her as she crept up to the house.
- The path was concealed by long grass.
- a concealed weapon
2 to hide your real feelings or the truth
- She tried to conceal the fact that she was pregnant.
- This apparent light-heartedness does not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women.
conceal something from somebody
- She was taking drugs and trying to conceal it from me.
—concealment noun [uncountable]
- deliberate concealment of his activities

Question 11

contempt /kənˈtempt/ noun [uncountable]
تحقیر

Answer 11

1 a feeling that someone or something is not important and deserves no respect
contempt for
- The contempt he felt for his fellow students was obvious.
utter/deep contempt
- The report shows utter contempt for women’s judgment.
open/undisguised contempt
- She looked at him with undisguised contempt.
- The public is treated with contempt by broadcasters.
- How could she have loved a man who so clearly held her in contempt?
beneath contempt
- That sort of behavior is simply beneath contempt (=does not deserve respect or attention).
- This apparent light-heartedness does not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women.
2 law disobedience or disrespect towards a court of law
- He was jailed for seven days for contempt of court.
in contempt of something
- He was found in contempt of the order.
3 complete lack of fear about something
contempt for
- his contempt for danger

Question 12

sneer /snɪə $ snɪr/ verb
تمسخر، نیشخند، پوزخند

Answer 12

to smile or speak in a very unkind way that shows you have no respect for someone or something
- ‘Is that your best outfit?’ he sneered.
sneer at
- She sneered at Tom’s musical tastes.
- However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out by statistics.
—sneering adjective
- a sneering tone
—sneeringly adverb

Question 13

superiority /suːˌpɪəriˈɒrəti $ sʊˌpɪriˈɔː-, -ˈɑː-/ ●○○ noun [uncountable]
برتری

Answer 13

1 the quality of being better, more skillful, more powerful, etc. than other people or things OPP inferiority
superiority of
- the supposed superiority of the male sex
superiority over
- the intellectual superiority of humans over other animals
superiority in
- US superiority in air power
2 an attitude that shows you think you are better than other people – used to show disapproval
- Janet always spoke with an air of superiority.
- his sense of superiority
- However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out by statistics.

Question 14

borne out (past participle of bear out)
تحمل کردن

Answer 14

bear somebody/sth↔ out phrasal verb
if facts or information bear out a claim, story, opinion, etc., they help to prove that it is true SYN support
- Evidence bears out the idea that students learn best in small groups.
- However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out by statistics.

Question 15

conscientious /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs◂ $ ˌkɑːn-/ adjective
با وجدان

Answer 15

careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do
- A conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home.
- a conscientious and hard-working student
- They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs.
—conscientiously adverb
—conscientiousness noun [uncountable]
- his conscientiousness and loyalty to the company

Question 16

maniac /ˈmeɪniæk/ noun [countable]
دیوانه

Answer 16

1 informal someone who behaves in a stupid or dangerous way SYN lunatic
- He drove like a maniac to the hospital.
- Suddenly this maniac ran out into the middle of the road.
- They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs.
2 → religious/sex maniac
informal someone who you think is too involved or interested in religion or sex SYN freak
- The woman’s a sex maniac if you ask me.
3 someone who is mentally ill
- homicidal maniac (=someone who kills people)

Question 17

quibble /ˈkwɪbəl/ verb
لجبازی کردن

Answer 17

to argue about small unimportant details
quibble about/over
- Let’s not quibble over minor details.
- this is a minor quibble.

Question 18

conductor /kənˈdʌktə $ -ər/ noun [countable]
رهبر ارکستر، مسئول بلیط

Answer 18

1 someone who stands in front of a group of musicians or singers and directs their playing or singing
2 British English someone whose job is to collect payments from passengers on a bus
- As politicians, factory-hands, university professors, lawyers, bus-conductors, and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame.
3 American English someone who is in charge of a train and collects payments from passengers or checks their tickets SYN guard British English
4 something that allows electricity or heat to travel along it or through it
- Wood is a poor conductor of heat.

Question 19

bear /ˈbeərɪŋ $ ˈber-/ verb
زایش، زاد و ولد،پرورش، بردباری

Answer 19

1 DEAL WITH SOMETHING to bravely accept or deal with a painful, difficult, or upsetting situation SYN stand
- She was afraid she wouldn’t be able to bear the pain.
- Make the water as hot as you can bear.
- The humiliation was more than he could bear.
2 → can’t bear something
3 → bear (something) in mind
4 ACCEPT/BE RESPONSIBLE FOR formal to be responsible for or accept something
bear the costs/burden
- Each company will bear half the costs of development.
bear the responsibility/blame etc
- Developed countries bear much of the responsibility for environmental problems.
5 SUPPORT to be under something and support it SYN hold
- My leg was painful, and I wasn’t sure it would bear my weight.
6 SIGN/MARK formal to have or show a sign, mark, or particular appearance, especially when this shows that something has happened or is true SYN have
- The letter bore no signature.
- a car bearing diplomatic license plates
7 → bear a resemblance/relation to somebody/something
8 BABY formal to give birth to a baby
- She might never be able to bear children.
bear somebody a child/son/daughter
- She bore him three sons.
9 → bear fruit
10 ABLE TO BE EXAMINED/COMPARED ETC [often in negatives] to be suitable or good enough to be examined, compared, repeated etc without failing or being wrong
- The production figures did not bear scrutiny.
- We believe our pupils’ results will bear comparison with any in Scotland.
11 → something doesn’t bear thinking about
12 → bear interest
13 CARRY literary to carry someone or something, especially something important
- The wedding guests arrived, bearing gifts.
14 → bring pressure/influence to bear (on somebody/something)
15 → bear witness/testimony to something
16 HAVE FEELINGS formal to have a particular feeling, especially a bad feeling
bear (somebody) a grudge (=continue to feel annoyed after a long time)
- It was an accident. I don’t bear any grudges.
bear somebody no malice/ill will etc (=not feel angry)
- He was just doing his job, and I bore him no malice.
17 → bear right/left
18 → bear yourself
19 WIND/WATER literary if wind, water, or air bears something, it carries it somewhere
- The sound of music was borne along on the wind.
20 NAME/TITLE formal to have a particular name or title
- He bore the name ‘Magnus’.

Question 20

rear /rɪə $ rɪr/ verb
پرورش

Answer 20

1 [transitive] to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown SYN raise
- It’s a good place to rear young children.
- The birds have been successfully reared in captivity.
- And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.
2 [intransitive] (also rear up) if an animal rears, it rises up to stand on its back legs → buck
- The horse reared and threw me off.
3 [intransitive] (also rear up) if something rears up, it appears in front of you and often seems to be leaning over you in a threatening way
- A large rock, almost 200 feet high, reared up in front of them.
4 → be reared on something
to be given a particular kind of food, books, entertainment etc regularly while you are a child
- children reared on TV and video games
5 → rear its ugly head
if a problem or difficult situation rears its ugly head, it appears and is impossible to ignore
- The problem of drug-taking in sport has reared its ugly head again.

Question 21

so-called Adjective
باصطلاح

Answer 21

1 used to describe someone or something that has been given a name that you think is wrong
- The so-called experts couldn’t tell us what was wrong.
- jealously guard their so-called ‘rights’.
2 used to show that something or someone is usually called a particular name
- the health threats posed by so-called ‘mad cow disease

Question 22

preposterous /prɪˈpɒstərəs $ -ˈpɑːs-/ adjective
مضحک

Answer 22

completely unreasonable or silly SYN absurd
- The whole idea sounds absolutely preposterous!
- This situation is preposterous!
—preposterously adverb
—preposterousness noun [uncountable]

Question 23

unreliable /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbəl◂/ adjective
غیر قابل اعتماد

Answer 23

unable to be trusted or depended on
- The car’s becoming very unreliable.
- an unreliable witness
- Women, they say, are unreliable and irrational.

Question 24

irrational /ɪˈræʃənəl/ adjective
غیر منطقی

Answer 24

not based on clear thought or reason SYN unreasonable OPP rational, reasonable
an irrational fear of flying
- He’s becoming increasingly irrational.
- Women, they say, are unreliable and irrational.
—irrationally adverb
—irrationality /ɪˌræʃəˈnæləti/ noun [uncountable]

Question 25

intuition /ˌɪntjuˈɪʃən $ -tu-, -tju-/ noun
بینش، شهود

Answer 25

1 [uncountable] the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts SYN instinct
- feminine intuition
- Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.
- They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition to arrive at decisions.
2 [countable] an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts
intuition (that)
- He had an intuition there was trouble brewing.
- We should trust our intuitions.

Question 26

cling /klɪŋ/ verb
چسبیدن

Answer 26

1 [always + adverb/preposition] to hold someone or something tightly, especially because you do not feel safe
cling to/on/at etc
- He wailed and clung to his mother.
- Passengers clung desperately on to the lifeboats.
- The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic
inferiority complex.
2 [always + adverb/preposition] to stick to someone or something, or seem to surround them
cling to/around etc
- His wet shirt clung to his body.
- The smell of cigarette smoke clung to her clothes.
3 to stay close to someone all the time because you are too dependent on them or do not feel safe – used to show disapproval
- Some children tend to cling on their first day at school.
→ cling on
→ cling to something

Question 27

supremacy /sʊˈpreməsi, sjuː- $ sʊ-, suː-/ noun [uncountable]
برتری

Answer 27

the position in which you are more powerful or advanced than anyone else
- Japan’s unchallenged supremacy in the field of electronics
- The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic
inferiority complex.

Question 28

inferiority /ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti $ -ˌfɪriˈɔːr-/ noun [uncountable]
حقارت

Answer 28

when someone or something is not good or not as good as someone or something else OPP superiority
- moral inferiority
sense/feeling of inferiority
- He had a deep-rooted feeling of inferiority.
- The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex.

Question 29

complex /ˈkɒmpleks $ ˌkɑːmˈpleks◂/ noun [countable]
عقده، مجتمع

Answer 29

1 A group of buildings, or a large building with many parts, used for a particular purpose
- The town has one of the best leisure complexes in the country.
- a three-story apartment complex
2 → a complex of something
3 an emotional problem in which someone is unnecessarily anxious about something or thinks too much about something
- I used to have a complex about my looks.
- The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex.

Question 30

shun /ʃʌn/ verb (shunned, shunning)
اجتناب کردن

Answer 30

to deliberately avoid someone or something
- a shy woman who shunned publicity
- Victims of the disease found themselves shunned by society.
- They shun real competition.

Question 31

militant /ˈmɪlɪtənt/ adjective
ستیزه جو

Answer 31

a militant organization or person is willing to use strong or violent action in order to achieve political or social change
militant political activists
- a militant animal rights group
- After the assassination of Martin Luther King, black leaders became more militant.
—militant noun [countable]
- right-wing militants
—militancy noun [uncountable]
- an increase in trade union militancy
—militantly adverb
- a militantly anti-communist group

Question 32

suffragettes /ˌsʌfrəˈdʒet/ noun [countable]
زن طرفدار حق رای و انتخاب زنان

Answer 32

a woman who tried to gain the right to vote for women, especially as a member of a group in Britain or the US in the early 20th century
- Even now, they still talk like suffragettes.

Question 33

inferior /ɪnˈfɪəriə $ -ˈfɪriər/ adjective
پست تر، نامرغوب، درجه دو

Answer 33

1 not good, or not as good as someone or something else OPP superior
- I felt very inferior among all those academics.
- inferior goods
inferior to
- I always felt slightly inferior to her.
- Their performance was inferior to that of other teams.
2 formal lower in rank OPP superior
- an inferior court of law
- He refused to accept a job of inferior status.

Question 34

intellectually /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl◂/ adjective
از نظر فکری

Answer 34

1 relating to the ability to understand things and think intelligently → mental
intellectual development/ability/activity etc
- a job that requires considerable intellectual effort
2 an intellectual person is well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc → academic
- Mark’s very intellectual.
3 needing serious thought in order to be understood
- an intellectual film