For Analysing Any Text Flashcards
Abstract noun
A naming word for an idea, concept, state of belief e.g. Sadness, love, Marxism
Proper noun
A naming word for a specific example of a common noun (names of places or people) e.g. Bob, Eiffel Tower, Droitwhich
Verb
A word that represents an action or process: in simple terms a ‘doing’ word
Active verb
A word that represent a physical action e.g. Jump, run, kill
Stative verb
A word that represents a process that is often only mental e.g. Think, ponder, believe
Auxiliary verb
A verb that has to be used with another verb in order to create present participle or the future tense e.g. “DID you go?” “I AM going” “you WILL go”
Modal verb
An auxiliary verb that expresses a degree of either possibility or necessity
Adjective
A describing word
Adverb
A describing word that modifies all types of words, excluding nouns
Superlative
An adjective that displays the most extreme value of its quality e.g. Most, biggest, smallest, worst, zaniest
Comparative
An adjective that relates one thing in some way to another and usually ends in ‘-er’ e.g. Bigger, smaller, quieter, zanier
Definitive article
The
Indefinitive article
The
Pronoun
A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence e.g. Him, her, it , I, she, you, me
Firsts person pronoun
I
And the first person plural: we, ours, us
Second person prounoun
You
Third person pronoun
Him, her, he, she, it
Plural: them, those
Possessive pronoun
My, mine, our, your, his, hers, theirs
Demonstrative pronoun
This, that, those
Monosyllabic lexis
Word of one syllable
Polysyllabic lexis
A word of two or more syllables
Imperative sentence mood
A sentence issuing a command
Declarative sentence mood
When a sentence is making a statement
Interrogative sentence mood
When a sentence is asking A question
Exclamatory sentence mood
When a sentence conveys a strong sense of emotion, sense of alarm or overly strong emphasis
”!”
Register
The level of formality of a text
Tenor
The tone, or the relationship between the author and reader and how it is created
Attitudes
The opinions expressed in the text
Content
What the text is about
Context
Things outside the text which may shape it’s meaning e.g. When it was written, who wrote it
Form
The structure and shape of a text
Themes
Recurring ideas and images in the text
Colloquialisms
Informal language usage, e.g. Bloke, fella, lass
Exclamation
A one word (minor sentence) with an exclamation mark at the end
Ellipsis
When parts of a written structure are missing
…
Syntax
The way words form sent ended
Ordering of them to create meaning
Parenthesis
An aside within a text created by section into off extra information between brackets, dashes, between two commas
Rhetoric question
A question designed not to be answered
Hypophora
What a rhetoric question is immediately followed by an answer in the text, e.g. “Is this the best film ever? You bet it is!”
Litotes
Deliberate downplaying for effect
Parallelisms
A creation of patterns in a text, through repetition of words or phrases or by balancing out meanings doe deliberate effect
Repetition
The repetition of words or phrases
Tripling/tricolon
Grouping in the threes either through repetition or through structure
Imagery
A descriptive or metaphorical use of language to create a vivid picture
Pre - modification
A descriptive technique where the descriptive words come before the thing they are describing
Post - modification
a descriptive technique where the the describing words come after the thing they are describing
Metaphor
A comparison that states something is actually something else
Simile
A comparison that something is “like” or “as” something else
Synecdoche
A metaphor that gates that something is only a small constituent part of itself, even though we commonly understand otherwise, e.g “a new set of wheels” (car) “he’s behind bars” (prison)
Analogy
Explaining something in terms of something else
Allusion
to refer to something indirectly or metaphorically
Pathetic fallacy
When the environment or weather mirrors emotion
Personification
A define in which the non - human is given personal and human qualities, e.g. The tree danced in the wind
Extended metaphor
When a metaphor continues through a text with recurring references to the compared item
Homeric/ epic simile
Extended simile
Symbolism
Using figurative and metaphoric language, items or incident in a way that means that certain things represent other things, e.g. Red can represent anger
Lexis
Another word for ‘word’
Lexical set
A group of words with the same topic, function or form
Semantics
The meaning of words
Synonyms
An alternative word choice that has the same or very similar meaning
Homophone
Different words that sound exactly the same when said out loud, e.g. They’re, their, there
Homonym
When one word has multiple meanings, e.g. Cool can mean coldness or ‘cool dude’
Archaism
A word that over time has fallen out of common usage
Juxtaposition
The placing together of elements with contrasting effect
Antithesis
When ideas contrast or oppose one another; a semantic contrast in a text
Binary opposites
Elements of a text that hold opposite ends of a notional scale, e.g. Hot/cold
Oxymoron
The use of apparently contradictory words in a phrase, e.g. Hot ice
Collocations
Words that through usage just naturally go together, e.g. Fish and chips
Asyndetic listing
Listing without connectives
Phonological features
Any decides used that relate to sound, e.g. Alliteration, repetition
Onomatomatopoeia
When a word is spelled exactly how it sounds, e.g. Boom
Consonance
The repetition of double consonants in the middle of words, e.g. I better buy more butter
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds
Alliteration
Repetition of the same sound within the same text
Common noun
A word for a thing that is tangible e.g. Chair, table, penguin
