FoPC year 3 Flashcards
What is epidemiology?
is the study of changing patterns of disease with a main aim of improving the health of populations
What are the 3 main aims of epidemiology?
Description, Explanation, Disease control
What is prevalence?
is the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or a defined point in time
What is incidence?
Is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified time period
What type of illness would have a high incidence but a low prevalence?
Minor illnesses like the cold
What type of illness would have a low incidence but high prevalence?
Chronic illnesses eg Diabetes
What is relative risk?
This is the measure of the strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease under study
How is RR calculated?
RR = incidence of disease in exposed group/ incidence of disease in unexposed group
What is a descriptive study?
A study that attempts to describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population.
What is a cross sectional study?
In a cross section study observations are made at a single point in time- think of cutting a swiss roll. Gives insights into disease frequency, survey, prevalence
What is a case control study?
Two groups of people are compared. A group of individuals with the disease of interest are identified- cases. A group of people who don’t- the control are also gathered together.
What is a cohort study?
A group of people without the aimed disease are gathered together. Baselines on a disease are examined and the group of people are follow through time until some of the people develop the disease.
What is a trial? Whats the definitive for assessing any new treatment?
Trials are experiments used to test ideas about aetiology or evaluate interventions. Randomised controlled trial.
What kind of study would you do if you wanted to do your own?
me gusta
What is a health promotion?
Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease.
What are the three theories of health promotion? Unique selling point
Educational
Socioeconomic
Psychological
What are the subtypes of health promotion that lie under Primary Care and then Government?
Primary Care: Planned, Opportunistic
Government: Legislation, Economic, Education
What is primary prevention?
Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
What is secondary prevention?
Detection of a disease at an early preclinical stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomology
What is tertiary prevention?
Measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease
What is sustainability?
Able to continue over a period of time
What is resilience?
the ability to quickly return to a previous good condition
What is multi morbidity usually defined as?
The co-existence of two or more long term conditions in an individual
What 3 major sections make up the anticipatory care plan?
Legal, Medical, Personal
What are the 2 types of risk and what is the most important to take into account with a patient?
Actual and Relative Risk
Actual Risk being the most important for the patient
How can you effectively communicate a relative risk to a patient?
Verbal explanation, using fractions or perhaps using illustration
What are the 5 types of studies that we have previously discussed?
RCTs, Cross sectional study, Descriptive study, cohort study, case control study. Dan carter can’t control rugby
What word can be used to describe the tendency to select preferentially from a group to affect study results?
Bias
What word can be used to describe someone that adds an extra layer of differentiation to a study?
Confounding factor
What headings should you consider for structuring an audit?
Reason for audit Criteria to be measured Standards set Prep and planning Results and date of collection 1 Description of changes implemented results and date of data collection 2 reflections
Define Health Promotion
Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease
What are the three theories of health promotion?
Educational, Socioeconomic, Psychological
What level of prevention is smoking cessation?
Primary Prevention
What criteria do you refer to when advising someone about appropriateness of lung cancer screening?
Wilson and Jugners Criteria
What is Wilson and Jugners criteria?
Illness- important, natural history understood, clinically detectable pre symptomatic stage
Test- easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific
Treatment- acceptable, cost effective, better if early
By 2050 how much is the population aged over 80 set to rise?
Four fold- same as number of people deemed unable to look after themselves
Define Multimorbidity
The co-existence of two or more long term conditions in an individual
What types of plan will help to manage someone with repeat hospital visits/ chronic problems?
An anticipatory care plan
What could this include for an ill patient who has received lots of care for many years and is often ill?
Legal details-PoA
contact details for close friends and carers.
A strategy for managing illnesses without admissions- perhaps a home supply of antibiotics
Advance statements
a resus status
Details for the out of ours team
What efforts could the NHS make to improve Environmental Sustainability?
Teleconferencing and videoconferencing
Switch to local food suppliers for hospitals
Car pooling
Car sharing
fuel efficient vehicles e.g. hybrids
Health services to have there own fleet of vehicles
Reduce the number of free car parking spaces
Reward multiple vehicle occupany, low carbon vehicles and bikes
Liase with councils to promote bus links
Who would help oversee and organise the care of a person living with a chronic disease who perhaps would become more debilitated?
A care manager
What type of assessment might a GP employ to monitor a patient being treated at home for a terminal condition?
The Palliative Performance Scale
What factors are seen to constitute a good death in western culture?
Pain free death
Open knowledge of imminent death
Death at home surrounded by family and friends
An aware death in which a person has dealt with their affairs
Death as personal growth
Death according to a personal preference and in a manner that resonates with the persons individuality
Name the ten emotions that someone might experience following bereavement
Shock Anger Denial Bargaining Relief Sadness Fear Guilt Anxiety Distress
