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FOPC > FOPC > Flashcards

FOPC Flashcards

1
Q

List 2 methods of establishing a patient’s requirement for palliative care

A

Palliative performance scale

Supportive and palliative care indicators tool

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2
Q

List 7 WHO aims of palliative care

A

Provide relief from pain and other distressing symptoms
Affirms life and regards dying as a normal process
Does not intend to postpone death
Integrates psychological and spiritual care
Offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible
Offers a support system for families in coping
Uses a team approach to address the needs of patients and families

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3
Q

List 6 factors of a ‘Good Death’

A 
Pain-free
At home surrounded by family and friends
Awareness of the imminence of death
Death as personal growth 
Personal conflicts are resolved
Death in a manner that resonates with the person's individuality
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4
Q

What helps enable primary care to provide palliative care at home?

A

Gold Standards Framework

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5
Q

List 8 components of breaking bad news

A 
Listen 
Set the scene
Find out what patient understands
Find out how much the patient wants to know
Share information using a common language
Review and summarise
Allow opportunities for questions
Agree follow up and support
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6
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of euthanasia? Give a definition of each.

A

Voluntary euthanasia - patients request
Non voluntary euthanasia - no request
Physician assisted suicide - physician provides the means and the advice for suicide

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7
Q

List 7 components of responding to euthanasia requests

A 
Listen
Acknowledgement
Explore reasons
Explore ways of giving more control to patient
Look for treatable problems
Remember spiritual issues
Admit powerlessness
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8
Q

What is sociology?

A

The study of the development, structure and functioning of human society

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9
Q

List 4 considerations of the sick role

A

Exempts ill people from daily responsibilities
Patient is not responsible for illness
Patient must seek help from a healthcare professional
Social obligation to recover as soon as possible to take up social responsibilities again

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10
Q

List 8 social/socio-economic influences on health

A 
Gender
Ethnicity
Housing
Education
Employment
Financial security
Health system
Environment
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11
Q

What is a health inequality?

A

Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups

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12
Q

List 5 vulnerable groups

A 
Homeless
LGBT
Prisoners
Refugees
Learning disability
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13
Q

What is the Inverse Care law?

A

People who most need medical care are least likely to receive it and people who least need medical care utilise services more effectively

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14
Q

List 5 ways to reduce health inequalities

A 
Policies and legislation e.g smoking ban
Reduction in poverty
Improve access to healthcare
Equal access to education
Increased employment
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15
Q

List 5 benefits of volunteering

A 
Gain confidence
Make a difference
Meet new people
Learn new skills
Have fun
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16
Q

What is the definition of sustainability?

A

Able to continue over a period of time

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17
Q

List 6 issues of global sustainability that are relevant to healthcare

A 
Material inequality
Population and consumption
Resource depletion
Climate change
Loss of biodiversity
Crisis in healthcare (increased expenditure due to chronic conditions)
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18
Q

List 6 actions that can be taken to prevent global warming

A 
Increase renewable energy
Modify human behaviour
Adopt plant-based diets
Educate on carbon literacy and numeracy
Promote patient resilience
Teach healthcare students that we are part of an ecological system
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19
Q

List 6 ways of achieving low carbon clinical care

A 
Prioritise environmental health
Reduce and safely dispose of waste
Use energy efficiently 
Improve travel strategies
Serve sustainably grown food
Adopt greener building design
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20
Q

What is resilience?

A

Ability to quickly return to a previous good condition

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21
Q

List 4 positive factors and 3 challenges to a sustainable career

A 
Positive factors:
Job security
Financial security
Working with a team
Ability to develop knowledge and interests

Challenges:
Excessive workload
Time management
Increasingly complex care

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22
Q

List 5 factors of an occupational history

A 
Description of present and previous jobs
Exposure to chemicals or other hazards
Symptom improvement when not working?
Do other colleagues suffer symptoms 
Duration and intensity of exposure
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23
Q

What is the purpose of a fit note?

A

Facilitate earlier discussion about returning to work

24
Q

List 4 effects of unemployment on health

A

Higher mortality
Poorer general health
Poorer mental health
More use of health services

25
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease

26
Q

What are the 3 theories of health promotion? Give a definition for each.

A

Educational - provides knowledge to enable necessary skills to make informed choices regarding health

Socioeconomic - makes the health choice the easy choice

Psychological - forming relationships between attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. Individual’s willingness to change is important

27
Q

What is health education?

A

Educating individuals to change knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in a direction which improves health

28
Q

What is health protection?

A

Protecting health by targeting factors which are beyond the control of the individual

29
Q

What is empowerment? List 3 benefits of an empowered individual.

A

Refers to the generation of power in individuals to control situations that they once were unable to control.

3 benefits:
An ability to resist social pressure
Utilise effective coping strategies
Heightened consciousness of action

30
Q

What are the 5 stages of change?

A 
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Planning
Action
Maintenance (or regression)
31
Q

What is primary prevention? What is secondary prevention?

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Primary prevention - measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury

Secondary prevention - detection of a disease at an early stage in order to cure, prevent or lessen symptomatology

Tertiary prevention - measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease

32
Q

What name is given to criteria for screening? What are the 3 components?

A

Wilson’s criteria

Illness (important, natural history understood, pre-symptomatic stage)
Test (easy, acceptable, cost effective, sensitive and specific)
Treatment (acceptable, cost effective, better if early)

33
Q

List 2 legislation for child protection

A

National guidance for child protection (scotland 2010)

RCGP - safeguarding children

34
Q

List 6 factors of realistic medicine

A 
Build a personalised approach to care
Adopt shared decision making
Reduced variation in clinical practice
Reduce harm and waste
Manage risk better
Become improvers and innovators
35
Q

What is incidence? What is prevalence?

A

Incidence - number of new cases of a disease is a period of time

Prevalence - number of people in a population who have a disease at a single point in time

36
Q

List 7 sources of epidemiological data

A 
Mortality data
Hospital activity statistics
Health and household surveys
Social security statistics
Drug misuse databases
Expenditure data from NHS
Accident statistics
37
Q

What is health literacy?

A

People having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information and navigate health and social care systems

38
Q

What is a cross-sectional study? What is a cohort study? What is a case control study?

A

Cross-sectional - study whereby observations are made at a single point in time

Cohort - exposure data is collected from people who do not have disease and they are followed through time until such a time where enough people have developed illness to begin analysis

Case control - comparison of two groups of people (those with disease and those without disease)

39
Q

When interpreting study results, what 6 factors must be considered?

A 
Standardisation
Standardised Mortality ratio
Quality of data
Ascertainment
Case definition
Coding and classification
40
Q

List 4 forms of bias

A

Selection bias
Information bias
Follow up bias
Systematic error

41
Q

What are the 5 stages of an audit?

A 
Identify audit topic
Set standard
Collect data
Analyse data
Implement change
42
Q

What is multi-morbidity?

A

The co-existence of two or more long-term conditions in an individual

43
Q

List 5 options for care once discharged from hospital

A

Living in own home with support from family
Living in own home with support from social services
Sheltered housing
Residential care
Nursing home care

44
Q

List 10 components of an Anticipatory Care Plan

A

Welfare power of attorney
Financial power of attorney
Guardianship
(legal)

Statement of wishes
Next of kin
Preferred place of death
Consent to pass on information
(personal)

Home care package
Assessment of capacity
Potential problems
(medical)

45
Q

List 10 considerations needed before setting up a screening programme

A

Is the disease important?
Is the natural history of the disease understood?
Will the test detect the illness at a pre-symptommatic stage?
Will the test be accepted by the population?
Is the test sensitive?
Is the test speciific?
Is the test cost-effective?
Is the treatment effective?
Is the treatment safe?
Is the treatment acceptable to the population?

46
Q

List 10 potential difficulties which may arise due to cultural differences

A 
Lack of knowledge
Fear and distrust
Racism
Bias
Stereotyping
Language barriers
Presence of third party
Religious beliefs
Gender difference between doc and patient
Differences in perceptions
47
Q

List 6 reasons for an ageing population

A 
Increased life expectancy
Decreased birth rates
Improvements in housing
Improvements in sanitation
Migration
Greater availability of contraception
48
Q

List 3 negative effects of an ageing population on health services and 3 negative social effects

A

Health services -
More geriatricians
More long-term conditions
Increased facilities for elderly

Social -
More emphasis on elderly social activities
High demand for home carers
Demand for nursing homes likely to increase

49
Q

List 6 negative effects of being a carer

A 
Poor mental health
Financial implications
Lack of privacy
Less time for hobbies
May have to give up work
Social isolation
50
Q

List 5 ways that a carer can avoid problems

A 
Day care centre
Respite care
Psychological support
Additional help from family
Frozen food deliveries
51
Q

List 6 non-illness factors that may cause tiredness in a child

A 
Lack of sleep
Poor diet
Lack of exercise
Bullying
Excessive screen time
Social isolation
52
Q

List 5 aspects of a history which may indicate the need for palliative care

A 
Not expected to live beyond 6-12 months
Breathlessness at rest
Spends more than 50% of day in bed or chair
Long term oxygen therapy
FEV1<30%
53
Q

List 6 different factors which may increase uptake in medical care

A 
Peers
Internet
TV
GP practice leaflet
GP practice website
Health fairs
54
Q

What is a confounding factor? List 2 common ones.

A

A confounding factor is a factor that is associated with the disease and the risk factor.
Age and sex are 2 common confounding factors.

55
Q

What 8 headings might you use to structure an audit according to the RCGP audit guidelines?

A 
Reason for audit
Criteria to be measured
Standard set
Preparation and planning
Result and data collection 1
Description of changes implemented 
Result and data collect 2
Reflections

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