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FoPC Flashcards

1
Q

Consultation models

A

Authoritarian, guidance, mutual participation

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2
Q

Effects of a long term health condition

A

Personal - denial, self pity
Family - financial, emotional
Society - isolation

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3
Q

Categories of disability

A

Body function + structure impairment
- abnormalities of structure, organ or system function

Activity limitation
- changed functional performance + activity

Participation restriction
- disadvantage is experienced by the patient as a result of impairment

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4
Q

Types of risk

A

Actual
Relative

  • can explain verbally, using fractions, illustrations
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5
Q

Plan done for old people by GPs

A

Anticipatory care plan

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6
Q

2 models of disability and 2 examples of each

A

Medical

  • individual / personal cause eg accident whilst drunk
  • underlying pathology eg morbid obesity

Social

  • societal causes eg low wages
  • social / political action needed eg facilities
  • conditions related to housing
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7
Q

Factors influencing a persons reaction to a diagnosis

A 
nature of disability
support network 
reaction of those around them 
patients personality 
information basis of the patient 
coping strategies of the patient
mood + emotional reaction 
role of individual
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8
Q

Types of scientific studies

A 
Descriptive studies (describe amount + distribution of the disease)
Cross sectional (observations made at a single point in time)
Cohort (follow people that don't have the disease through time to see if they are exposed and then get the disease) 
Case Control (compare a group with and a group without the disease to see if there are links with the exposure)
Randomised control trials (2 groups at risk of the disease and one group has an alteration to see if it effects the outcome of the disease, also used to test interventions eg drugs)
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9
Q

Sections of an audit

A 
Reason
Criteria to be measured
Standard set
Preparation + planning
Results + collection of data 1
Description of changes implemented
Results + collection of data 2
Reflections
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10
Q

Responsibilities of the sick role

A

Exempts patient from normal social roles
Sick person is not responsible for their condition
The sick person should try to get well
They should seek competent help and cooperate with health professionals to get better

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11
Q

5 principles of patient centred care

A
  1. Respect
  2. Choice + empowerment
  3. Patient involvement in health policy
  4. Access + support
  5. Information
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12
Q

Criteria showing exposure causes a disease

A

Temporality = exposure comes before disease
Consistency = repeated observations
Specificity = a single exposure leading to a single disease
Biological gradient = exposure increases as does risk of disease
Coherence = exposure does not conflict with known biology of the disease

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13
Q

Idea of ‘expert patient’

A

have an in depth knowledge of the condition (can exceed that of health care professionals)
Utilising this knowledge results in a better QOL
This knowledge is an under recognised resource

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14
Q

Sources of medical info for patients

A 
Peers
Internet
TV
Health pages of magazines
GP practice leaflet
GP practice website
Adverts in public places
Health awareness events 
Pharmacies
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15
Q

Definition of health literacy

A

People having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information to be active partners in their care and to navigate the health and social care systems

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16
Q

3 aims of SIGN guidelines

A

Help health care professionals and patients understand medical evidence + use it to make decisions about their care
Reduce variation in practice and make sure patients get the best care available no matter where they are
Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient important outcomes

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17
Q

Sources of epidemiological data

A 
Mortality data
Cancer
Accident
Social security statistics
Drug misuse databases
Hospital activity stats
Repro health stats
NHS expenditure data
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18
Q

Definition of confounding factor

A

factor that is associated independently with both the disease and the exposure and so distorts the relationship between the two

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19
Q

Causes of changes to population

A

Decreased birth rates
Better housing, sanitation, water supplies, nutrition, safety
Migration
War

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20
Q

Medical factors influencing going to see Dr

A 
New symptoms
Visible symptoms
Increasing severity of symptoms 
Duration of symptoms
Psychological impact of symptoms
21
Q

Non medical factors influencing going to see Dr

A 
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Social class
Culture
Economic implications 
Interference with social activities
Peer pressure
Patient beliefs about illness
Patient expectations
22
Q

What tool is used to identify people in need of palliative care

A

SPICT

Supportive + Palliative Care Indicators Tool

23
Q

What tool is used to assess palliative care patients

A

Palliative Performance Scale

24
Q

Good death

A

Pain free
At home surrounded by friends + fam
Open acknowledgment of the imminence of death
“Aware” death where all conflicts and Unfinished business are resolved
Death as personal growth
Death according to personal preference in a manner that resonates with the persons individuality

25
Q

Definition of a health inequality

A

differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups

26
Q

Sick role of Dr

A

Must be objective + not judge patients morally
Must not act out of self interest or greed but put the patients interests first
Obey a professional code of practice
Have + maintain the knowledge and skills to treat a patient
Has the right to examine a patient intimately, prescribe treatment + has a wide autonomy in medical practice

27
Q

Areas of health promotion

A

Educational
(provides knowledge + education to enable skills to make informed choices about health)

Socioeconomic
(national policies making healthy choices the easy choice)

Psychological
(complex relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes + beliefs)

28
Q

Definition of health promotion

A

overarching principle which enhances health including disease prevention, health education and health protection

29
Q

Definition of health education

A

activity involving communication with people aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours in a. direction which improves health

30
Q

Definition of health protection

A

collective activities directed at factors that are beyond the control of the individual

31
Q

Results of empowerment

A

Ability to resist social pressure
Ability to use effective coping strategies when faced by an unhealthy environments
Heightened consciousness of actions

32
Q

Areas f the cycle of change

A 
Pre contemplation
Contemplation
Action
Maintenance
Regression
Maintaining healthier lifestyle
33
Q

Criteria for screening for disease

A

Wilson’s Criteria

Illness = important, natural history is understood, clinically detectable pre symptomatic stage

Test = easy, acceptable, cost effective, specific + sensitive

Treatment = acceptable, cost effective, better if treated early

34
Q

Define specificity + sensitivity

A 
Specific = low false positive (doesn't detect other benign conditions)
Sensitive = low false negative
35
Q

Define Primary, Secondary and Tertiary prevention

A 
Primary = prevent the onset of illness
Secondary = detection of the illness at an early stage in order to cure, prevent of lessen symptoms
Tertiary = measures to minimise distress or disability caused by the disease
36
Q

Aspects of realistic medicine

A

Build a personalised approach to care
Change our style to shared decision making
Reduce unnecessary variation in practice + outcomes
Reduce harm + waste
Manage risk better
Become improvers + innovators

37
Q

Effects on health of unemployment

A

Higher mortality
Higher medical consultation + hospital admission rates
Poorer mental health
Poorer physical health

38
Q

Role of OH

A
  • Help prevent work related ill health
  • Advise on fitness to work, workplace safety + prevention of occupational injuries / illness
  • Recommend adjustments to help people stay in work
  • Improve attendance + performance of the work force
  • Provide rehab to help patients return to work
  • Promote health in the workplace
  • Conduct research into work related health issues
  • Ensure compliance with health and safety issues
39
Q

Effect on health of being homeless

A 
Poorer oral health 
Alcohol + drug problems
Increased risk of assault
Increased suicide rates
Premature death 
Increased rate of infectious diseases (HIV, Hep B/C)
40
Q

Definition of culture

A

a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs

41
Q

Effects of people from different cultures

A

Language barriers
Presence of another person eg translator, family member
Fear + distrust
Lack of knowledge about NHS / illness
Racism
Stereotypes
Examination taboos
Gender differences between Dr and patient
Difficulty using language line
Religious beliefs
Differences in expectations and perceptions

42
Q

Definition cultural competence

A

The ongoing capacity of health care systems, organisations and professionals to provide for a diverse patient population high quality care than is safe, patient + family centred, evidence based and equitable

43
Q

Hazards

A 
Physical
Chemical 
Mechanical
Biological
Psychosocial
44
Q

Effects of being a carer

A 
Poor mental health - stress anxiety
Social isolation
Effect on employment
Financial effect
Adaptions having to be made to home
May enjoy it and feel it is worthwhile
Lack of privacy
Less time for hobbies
45
Q

WHO thoughts on palliative care

A

Provides relief from pain + other distressing symptoms
Affirms life + regards dying as a normal process
Doesn’t hasten or postpone death
Integrates spiritual + psychological aspects of patient care
Offeres a support system to allow patients to live actively until they die
Offers family support during the illness and death
Uses a team approach to address the needs of the patient and family

46
Q

Breaking bad news

A 
Listen
Set scene
Find out how much patient knows
Find out how much the patient wants to know 
Share info using common language
Review + summarise
Allow opportunity for questions
Agree follow up + support
47
Q

Reducing health care inequalities

A 
Social inclusion policies
Integrating health + social care
Government policies + legislation 
Improving access to health + social care
Reduce poverty
Improved employment opportunities
Equal access to education
Better housing in deprived areas
48
Q

Areas of kids health

A 
Diet
Exercise
Sleep
Screen time
Mental health 
Academic difficulties, home / relationship difficulties, bullying, social isolation

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