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FOPC > FOPC > Flashcards

FOPC Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main causes of death in the UK

A

cancer and IHD

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2
Q

what is palliative care

A

a philosophy of care than emphasises quality of life

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3
Q

what are the key features of palliative care

A

provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms
affirms life and regards dying as a normal process
intends to neither hasten nor postpone death
integrates physchological and spiritual aspects of patient care
offers a support system
helps the family cope during their own bereavement

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4
Q

what is the palliative performance scale §

A

useful way of assessing and reviewing functional changes in palliative care

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5
Q

what does a lower palliative performance score indicate

A

indicates power prognoses

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6
Q

what are worries surrounding palliative care that the patients often have

A 
pain 
anxiety 
insomnia 
nausea 
all classed as distressing symptoms
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7
Q

what is the Scottish life expectancy

A

79

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8
Q

what is the physiology of ageing

A

loss of cells and function
less ability to respond to metabolic stress
less reserve capacity
less ability to recover

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9
Q

what is multimorbidity

A

the presence of 2 or more long term conditions

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10
Q

what is polypharmaxy

A

begin on multiple medications

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11
Q

what is resillience

A

the ability to recover quickly from difficulties, toughness

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12
Q

what factors aid resillience

A 
interlectual interest
self awareness 
tiem management and work life balance 
continuing progressional development 
support from tea
professional attitudes 
societal attitudes 
structural changes
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13
Q

what is a long term condition

A

conditions for which there are no cure and which are managed with drugs and other treatments
they have lasted one year or more with ongoing medical attention

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14
Q

what is incidence

A

the number of new cases in a time period

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15
Q

what is prevalance

A

the total number of people in a population with a condition at a point

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16
Q

what is disability

A

an umbrella term for impairments

activity limitations and participation restrictions

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17
Q

what is the medical model of disability

A

that it is a feature of the person, directly caused by the disease - requires medical care

18
Q

what is the social model of disability

A

it is a socially created problem no an attribute

disability requires a political response since the problem is created by an unaccommodating physical environmentt

19
Q

what are the Wilson and juggler screening criteria

A

condition should be an important health issue
natural history of the condition should be understood
should be a recognised early symptomatic or latent stage
should be a suitable test
test should be acceptable to the population
should be an agreed policy on who to treat
cost of case- findings should be economically balanced
should be recognised as a need
defined target population
scientific evidence of effectiveness
overall benefits should outweigh the harm

20
Q

what are the 6 national screening programs in scotland

A 
cervical cancer 
bowerl cancer 
breast cancer 
AAA screening 
pregnancy and new born screening 
diabetic retinopathy screening
21
Q

what is evidence based medicine

A

the use of mathematical estimates of the risk and harm to inform clinical decision making in the diagnosis investigation or management of patients

22
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the science of applying the principles of population based evidence to the management of individual patients

23
Q

what is a cohort study

A

used for looking at causality
occurs over a long time and follows research patients over many years
can be prospective or retrospective

24
Q

what is a case control study

A

used for looking at causality
use two groups of people
one group of those with the disease and one nearly identical group but they don’t have the disease

25
Q

advantages of a cohort study

A

incidence of disease can be calculated in exposed and non exposed individuals
possible to study multiple outcomes
less of an issue with bias compared to case control study

26
Q

what is relative risk

A

the outcome measure reported in cohort studies

measure of the risk of the outcome of interest in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group

27
Q

how do we calculate relative risk

A

risk in exposed group divided by risk in unexposed group

28
Q

what does it mean if the relative risk is one

A

there is no difference in the effect between the two groups

29
Q

are case control studies retrospective or prospectiveq

A

almost always retrospective

30
Q

what are the advantages of a case control study

A

smaller sample size
quicker results
cheaper

31
Q

disadvantages of a case control study

A

prone to bias
can be difficult to prove causation
not possible to calculate incidence
selecting controls can be difficult

32
Q

what is the measure of outcome used in case control studies

A

odds ratio -

ratio of the odds of exposure in those with the outcome compared to those without the outcome

33
Q

how do we calculate odds exposuer

A

odds exposure in those with the outcome divided by that in those without the outcome

34
Q

what is a cross sectional/ longitudinal study

A

looks at the outcome and exposure in a population or individual at a specific point in time (cross sectional study)
when this is done many times it is a longitudinal study

35
Q

what are lognitdunal studies good for

A

looking at trends in a population

36
Q

can we infer causality from longitudinal studies

A

no

37
Q

what helps us understand the risk of a disease

A

incidence

38
Q

what helps us understand the burden of a disease

A

prevalence

39
Q

what is the gold standard trial for assessing new treatmetns

A

randomised controlled trial

40
Q

disadvantages for randomised control trials

A

time consuming
expensive
ethical considerations

41
Q

what is causality

A

not correlation

but that a is associated with B

42
Q

what is the criteria for causality

A 
strength of association 
consistency
specificity 
temporality 
biological gradient 
plausibility 
coherence 
experiment 
analogy

FOPC (1 decks)

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