Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Joint Biomechanics - PT > Foot & Ankle Biomechanics > Flashcards

Foot & Ankle Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the biomechanical functions of the foot and ankle joints?

A

i) adapt to terrain
ii) rigid lever for propulsion
iii) adapt to absorb forces
iv) weight bearing with minimal muscle activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the foot separated into three compartments?

A

Forefoot - everything else!
Midfoot - talonavicular, calcaneocuboid,
Rearfoot - talocrural, subtalar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint?

A

i) talonavicular joint

ii) calcaneocuboid joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the components of pronation?

A

Dorsiflexion, calcaneal ABD, eversion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the components of supination?

A

Plantarflexion, calcaneal ADD, inversion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the axial and planar movement of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion.

A

i) sagittal plane

ii) coronal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the axial and planar movement of inversion/eversion.

A

i) coronal plane

ii) sagittal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the axial and planar movement of calcaneal ABD/ADD.

A

i) transverse plane

ii) longitudinal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe what is meant by “triplanar movement” about the ankle.

A

The ankle only has 1 DOF (pronation and supination) about an oblique axis. However, this oblique movement involves conjunct movement in all three cardinal planes. Each region of the foot contributes more or biases movement in one of the cardinal planes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint? (all categories)

A

i) synovial
ii) compound
iii) modified hinge
iv) modified sellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the talcrural joint more stable in dorsiflexion than plantarflexion?

A

The talar head is wider anteriorly than posteriorly. In dorsiflexion the anterior region is wedged tightly in the mortise (cannot actively invert or evert) whereas in plantarflexion the talocrural joint has less congruency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which component of pronation/supination does the talocrural joint bias?

A

Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is there conjunct eversion with dorsiflexion?

A

The talar head is wider anteriorly than posteriorly. In DF, the anterior region is in contact with the mortise resulting in a tight fit and eversion due to passive congruency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the concavity and convexity of the talocrural joint.

A

The talus is convex anteroposteriorly and concave medially and laterally. The mortise is the opposite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the resting position of the talocrural joint?

A

PF 10’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the close packed position of the talocrural joint?

A

Full DF with conjunct eversion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the talocrural joint?

A

PF > DF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the normal end feel for the talocrural joint?

A

Tissue stretch - capsular. (DF may be soft tissue stretch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint.

A

Anterior roll, posterior glide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of plantarflexion at the talocrural joint.

A

Posterior roll, anterior glide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the osteokinematic planar and axial movements of PF/DF at the talocrural joint.

A

Anterior/posterior rotation in the sagittal plane about an OBLIQUE axis. This is with conjunct eversion/inversion and 2O’ abduction/50’ adduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name and describe the articulating surfaces of the subtalar joint.

A

i) Anterior joint - anterior facet, middle facet

ii) Posterior joint - posterior facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the angulation of the oblique axis through which pronation/supination occurs.

A

Angled superiorly and anteriorly as it passes laterally to medially through the talus and malleoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of joint is the anterior subtalar joint? (all categories)

A

i) synovial
ii) compound
iii) modified ovoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of joint is the posterior subtalar joint? (all categories)

A

i) synovial
ii) simple
iii) modified ovoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the concavity and convexity of both components of the subtalar joint.

A

i) anterior - talus convex, calcaneus concave
ii) posterior - talus concave, calcaneus convex.
Note: Calcaneus moves on talus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the resting position of the subtalar joint?

A

Midway between pronation and supination.

28
Q

What is the close packed position of the subtalar joint?

A

Supination in open kinetic chain. Pronation in weight bearing.

29
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the subtalar joint?

A

Supination > pronation.

30
Q

What is the normal end feel of the subtalar joint?

A

Tissue stretch - capsular.

31
Q

Which components of pronation/supination does the subtalar joint bias?

A

Eversion, ADD/Inversion, ABD

32
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of supination at the subtalar joint.

A

Anterior - medial roll, medial glide

Posterior - medial roll, lateral glide

33
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of pronation at the subtalar joint.

A

Anterior - lateral roll, lateral glide

Posterior - lateral roll, medial glide

34
Q

Which is the most versatile joint of the foot? What is the purpose of this?

A

i) transverse tarsal joint - calcaneocuboid, talonavicular

ii) It can adapt to different terrains and change in weight bearing vs non-weight bearing.

35
Q

Which structure directs the actions of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

The subtalar joint. Dysfunction in the subtalar joint can lead to pathology of the transverse tarsal joint.

36
Q

Which components of pronation/supination does the calcaneocuboid joint bias?

A

DF/PF.

37
Q

What is the resting position of the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

PF 10’.

38
Q

What is the close packed position of the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

Supination. However, this is only a guess as folding is logically more taut than splaying.

39
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

DF > PF > ADD > Inversion. However the joint is highly inflexible and this will likely not be apparent on a physical exam.

40
Q

What is the normal end feel for the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

Tissue stretch - capsular.

41
Q

What is the type of the calcaneocuboid joint? (all categories)

A

i) synovial
ii) simple
iii) unmodified sellar (but functions as modified sellar!)

42
Q

Describe the concavity and convexity of the calcaneocuboid joint.

A

The cuboid is concave anteriorly and posteriorly and convex medially and laterally. Calcaneus is the opposite.

43
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of pronation at the calcaneocuboid joint.

A

Dorsal roll, dorsal glide.

44
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of supination at the calcaneocuboid joint.

A

Plantar roll, plantar glide.

45
Q

Which components of pronation supination does the talonavicular joint bias?

A

Inversion/eversion.

46
Q

What is the resting position of the talonavicular joint?

A

Pronation.

47
Q

What is the close packed position of the talonavicular joint?

A

Supination.

48
Q

What is the capsular pattern of restriction of the talonavicular joint?

A

Df> PF> ADD> Inversion.

49
Q

What is the normal end feel of the talonavicular joint?

A

Tissue stretch - capsular.

50
Q

What is the joint type of the talonavicular joint?

A

i) synovial
ii) simple
iii) modified ovoid

51
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of pronation at the talonavicular joint?

A

Spin (navicular on talus).

52
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of supination at the talonavicular joint.

A

Spin (navicular on talus).

53
Q

Which muscles pull on the talus to cause an arthrokinematic spin at the talonavicular joint in pronation and supination?

A

i) supination - tibialis posterior

ii) pronation - fibularis longus

54
Q

Describe the conjunct osteokinematic movement of the transverse tarsal joint in pronation and supination.

A

In supination, the lateral compartment is drawn up under the medial compartment. In pronation, the medial side is lowered and the lateral compartment is raised.

55
Q

What type of joint is the metatarsalphalangeal joint?

A

i) synovial
ii) simple
iii) modified ovoid

56
Q

Desribe the osteokinematic movements at the metatarsalphalangeal joint and their normative ROM values.

A

i) flexion (D1 45’, D2-5 40’)
ii) extension (D1 70’, D2-5 40’)
iii) abduction
iv) adduction

57
Q

What is the resting position of the metatarsalphalangeal joints?

A

Extension 10’.

58
Q

What is the close packed position of the metatarsalphalangeal joints?

A

Full extension.

59
Q

What is the capsular pattern of restriction about the metatarsalphalangeal joints?

A

i) D1: Extension > Flexion

ii) D2-5: Flexion > Extension

60
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of flexion at the metatarsalphalangeal joints.

A

Plantar roll, plantar glide.

61
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of extension at the metatarsalphalangeal joints.

A

Dorsal roll, dorsal glide.

62
Q

How much extension is necessary at the 1st MTP for normal gait?

A

60’.

63
Q

What are the attachments of the plantar fascia?

A

i) medial calcaneal tubercle
ii) divides into 5 strong process to toe at level of MTP heads
iii) proximal to FDB

64
Q

What is the function of the plantar fascia?

A

When loaded, the inelastic plantar fascia draws the calcaneus inward toward the toes. The tautness is increased with MTP extension in push off. The calcaneus inverts to raise the MLA and bring the foot into a close packed position. This also aids shock absorption.

65
Q

Describe the Windlass mechanism of the plantar fascia/

A

Extrinsic PF muscles raise the calcaneus until body weight is over MTPs causing MTP extension. This increases tension in the plantar fascia helping to reinforce the midfoot and forefoot. The MLA is also raised with assistance from intrinsic foot muscles.

66
Q

What happens to the Windlass mechanism in the case of pes planus?

A

The plantar fascia is in a lengthened position. Attempting to stand on toes causes the midfoot and forefoot to sag thereby reducing MTP extension for toe off. This reduces the efficiency of the Windlass mechanism.

Joint Biomechanics - PT (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions