Foot and Ankle Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is hallux valgus

A

Big toe deviates laterally at MTP joint, secondary OA common

Pressure against shoe leads to bunion formation

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2
Q

Hallux valgus treatment

A

Educate pt on wide low-heeled shoes + foot exercises to strengthen muscles around MTP
Bunion pads + plastic wedges between toes may help to relieve pain
Surgery only if painful bunions which inhibit lifestyle

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3
Q

What is hammer toe

A

Extended at MTP, hyperflexed at PIP + extended at DIP
Associated with contracture of flexor digitorum longus tendon
2nd toe most commonly affected

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4
Q

What is claw toe

A

Extended MTP, flexed PIP + DIP

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5
Q

Hammer toe + claw toe treatment

A
Metatarsal shortening (flexible deformity)
PIP joint arthrodesis (fixed deformity)
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6
Q

What is mallet toe

A

Flexion deformity of DIP in isolation

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7
Q

Mallet toe treatment

A

Treated with flexor tenotomy (flexible deformity)

DIP joint arthrodesis (fixed deformity)

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8
Q

Onychocryptosis causes

A

Ingrown toenails typically in big toe of young adults

Incorrect nail cutting ± pressure of shoes

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9
Q

Onychocryptosis treatment

A

Cotton wool soaked in surgical spirit under infected flesh (proudflesh) and awaiting nail growth
Whole-nail avulsion/wedge resection of affected side more effective in preventing recurrence, especially with phenol

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10
Q

Metatarsalgia causes

A
Increased pressure on metatarsal head causes pain in ball of foot
Heavy, high heels, high-impact sports
Inflammatory arthritis
Toe deformities
Morton's (interdigital) neuroma
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11
Q

Metatarsalgia treatment

A

OT referral
Orthotics, rest + gentle strengthening
Surgery only RA

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12
Q

March fractures

A

Shaft of 2nd/3rd metatarsals

May follow excessive walking, radionuclide bone scans more discriminating than xray

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13
Q

Heel pain causes

A
Calcaneum disease/trauma
Calcaneal tendon rupture
Postcalcaneal bursitis
Arthritis of subtalar
Systemic disease/infection
Seronegative spondylarthropathy
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14
Q

Plantar fasciitis treatment

A

Not actually inflammatory, encourage pt to keep mobile but don’t overuse

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