Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Kinesiology Exam 1 > Foot and Ankle > Flashcards

Foot and Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

What joint does the “ankle” refer to?

A

Talocrural Joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rearfoot: bones and joints?

A

Talus, calcaneus, subtalar joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Midfoot: bones?

A

Tarsal bones aside from calcaneus and talus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Forefoot: Bones?

A

Metatarsals, phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osteology of the Fibula

A

Proximal head, distal lateral malleolus, takes on 10% of the body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osteology of the Distal Tibia

A

Expands distally to accommodate load (90% of body weight), distal medial malleolus, torsion of long axis approx 20-30 degrees (causing toe-out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 7 Tarsal Bones?

A

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial/lateral/intermediate cuneiforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osteology of the Talus

A

Joins foot to leg, does not have muscular attachments, 70% covered in articular cartilage, forms joint with ankle mortis

Trochlea/Talar dome, head (articulates with navicular), articular facets (inferior surface to articulate with calcaneus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteology of the Calcaneus

A

Largest tarsal bone, attachment for Achilles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteology of Navicular

A

Medial side of foot, navicular tuberosity (attachment site for tibialis posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cuboid

A

6 sides, 3 articulate with adjacent tarsal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteology of the Metatarsals

A

Concave on plantar side, concave base (proximal), shaft, convex head (distal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteology of Phalanges

A

14 in total, concave base (proximal), shaft, convex head (distal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pronation

A

Dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Supination

A

Plantarflexion, inversion, adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

A

Head of fibula with lateral aspect of tibia, synovial joint, firm articulation to ensure force from biceps Femoris and LCL are transferred effectively from fibula to tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Distal Tibiofibular Joint

A

Syndesmosis (fibrous), ligament ours support to limit movement (interosseus ligament, ATFL and PTFL), limited movement (restricted movement associated with pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Articulation between trochlear dome and sides of talus with cavity formed by distal tibia and both malleoli

Must be stable!

90-95% of compressive force passes through

3mm of cartilage can compress by 30-40%

Capsule reinforced by ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Deltoid Ligament

A

Also called MCL, fan shaped, limit excessive eversion, checks extreme ranges of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ATFL, PTFL, CFL

A

Controls varus (inversion) stress, weaker and more prone to injury

ATFL- inversion with PF
CFL- inversion with DF
PTFL- stabilizes talus in mortise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osteokinematics at Ankle Joint

A

1 DOF at talocrural
Oblique axis
Close packed= DF
Dorsiflexion occurs with slight abduction/eversion
Minimum 10 degrees necessary, normal ROM= 10-20
Plantarflexion occurs with slight adduction/inversion
Normal ROM= 20-50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Axes for Motion at Talocrural Joint

A 
Abd/add= vertical axis
DF/PF= ML axis
Ev/Inv= AP axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Arthrokinematics of Talocrural Joint

A

DF: talus rolls anteriorly, glides posteriorly
PF: talus rolls posteriorly, glides anteriorly

24
Q

Subtalar Joint

A

Formed by posterior, middle and anterior facets of calcaneus and talus

Posterior and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments (primarily stabilized by CF and Deltoid)

Subtalar neutral occurs when neither inversion or eversion occurs

Close packed= supination

25
Osteokinematics of Subtalar Joint
Triplanar motion about single oblique axis (uniaxial) Motions= Supination (mainly inv. and add.) Pronation (mainly ever. and abd.) ROM: inversion 2x eversion
26
AOR of Subtalar Joint Motions
``` Abd/add= vertical axis Ev/inv= AP axis DF/PF= ML axis (but main components are abd/add and inv/ev!!!) ```
27
Transverse Tarsal (Midtarsal) Joints
Talonavicular and Calcaneocuboid
28
Talonavicular Joint
Convex talus, concave navicular, bone and spring ligament (when you step on unstable surface this adjusts)
29
Calcaneocuboid Joint
Anterior distal calcaneus, proximal cuboid | Allows less motion than the talonavicular
30
Transverse Tarsal Joints--what do they do?
Rarely function in isolation (most often with Subtalar joint) Transition between hindfoot and forefoot Add to the overall ROM of sup/pron Two AOR In open chain, the midtarsal joints with augment inv/ev
31
Distal Intertarsal Joints
Navicular and cuneiforms, intercuneiform Amplify pronation and supination May experience tarsal coalition (restricted motion so may get excessive motion either proximally or distally)
32
Tarsometatarsal Joints
Articulation between bases of metatarsals and distal surfaces of the 3 cuneiforms and the cuboid -synovial -serve to position metatarsals and phalanges relative to weight bearing surface -Lisfranc's Joints -DO NOT contribute to pron/sup. PF--> eversion DF-->inversion
33
Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Articulation between convex head of metatarsals with concave base of proximal phalanges - 2 DOF (flex/ext; abd/add) - 2nd digit used as reference for abd/add
34
ROM for MTP Joints
1st MTP: ext= 55-95 (hyper) Flex= 17-34 2nd-5th MTP: ext= 60-100 Flex= 15-25
35
ITP Joints
5 proximal, 4 distal 1 DOF (flex/ext) Serve to smooth the weight shift to the opposite foot during gait Help maintain stability
36
Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA)
Concave "instep" of medial foot Loadbearing/shock absorbing structure (can quickly flatten out and absorb shock) Formed by calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and associated 3 metatarsals Bonds arch primarily reinforced by the plantar aponeurosis Extrinsic muscles will also help during impact
37
What is the main reinforcement for the MLA?
Plantar Aponeurosis
38
Plantar Aponeurosis
Dense fascia, runs length of foot (originates on calcaneus and runs to proximal phalanx of each toe) Active or passive toe extension increases the tension supports MLA!
39
How can you increase tension in the plantar Aponeurosis?
Passively or actively extend the toes
40
What happens to MLA during gait?
Cyclically rises and falls; rear foot shock absorption function--as WB depresses talus inferiorly, the MLA flattens When MLA flattens, there is slight rearfoot pronation; returns to normal calcaneal inversion in NWB position
41
What occurs if someone has a low arch or "flat feet"?
Arch gets flattened much more than it should and there is more stretch on the plantar fascia Plantar fascia cannot adequately accept or dissipate body weight
42
Transverse Arch
Formed by intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joint complex Provides transverse stability Flattens during WB, allowing weight distribution across all 5 metatarsal heads (so they can all touch ground)
43
What happens to the tibia during rearfoot inversion?
Tibia external rotation
44
Ankle Plantarflexors and Supinators primary roles functionally?
Decelerate forward tibial translation during gait (eccentric), accelerate body forward/upward (concentric), and stabilize knee extension.
45
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
Superficial muscles
46
Tibialis posterior, FDL, FHL
Deep muscles
47
Dorsiflexors and Evertors role?
Toe clearance in gait (dorsiflexors) and protect us (ankle stability--lateral)
48
Which muscles are the primary Evertors?
Fibularis Longus and Brevis
49
When are the dorsiflexors most active during gait?
Mid- to late-stance; decelerate the rate and extent of supination at subtalar joint
50
Common Pathology
Plantar fasciitis, heel Spurs, hallux valgus, hallux limitus/rigidus, pes planus, Pes cavus, lateral ankle sprain/CAI
51
Plantar Fasciitis
Heel pain, greatest in a.m. Decreases with walking but increases agin with prolonged walking
52
Heel Spurs
Hook of bone that develops in calcaneus; most often seen in middle aged men and women, coincident with plantar fasciitis (some of calcaneus can peel off)
53
Hallux valgus (bunion)
Progressive valgus deformity of the great toe (lateral deviation relative to midline of body) ---inflamed or painful MTP joint
54
Hallux rigidus
OA/limited motion at 1st MTP; major impact on gait!
55
Pes planus
Abnormally dropped MLA; associated with mid foot/proximal forefoot laxity--weakened plantar fascia, spring ligaments, or posterior tibialis
56
Pes cavus
Abnormally high MLA, associated with rearfoot varus, most vulnerable to stress fractures associated with increased rigidity
57
Lateral ankle Sprain/CAI; most often ATFL
ATFL injury caused by excessive inversion/plantar flexion or calcaneofibular ligament with excessive DF/inversion

Kinesiology Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions