Foot and ankle Flashcards
how many bones in the ankle
28
how many articulations
55
what bones make up the rear foot
talus and calcaneus
what bones make up the mid foot
navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiforms
what bones make up the forefoot
14 bones of the phalanges
5 metatarsals
medial and lateral sesmoids
distal tibiofibular joint is classified as
syndesmosis
separation of ankle bones from injury
diastasis
talocrural joint has what shape
saddle shaped
what two bones does the talocrural joint articulate
talus and distal tib
how is the talocrural joint classified
synovial hinge or modified sellar
talocrural close packed position
max dorsi flexion
talocrural open packed position
plantar flexed and midway between supination and pronation
what is an aka for talocalcaneal
subtalar joint
what type of joint is the subtalar joint
synovial, bicondylar compound joint consisting of two separate modified ovoid surfaces with own cavities (one male one female)
in practice subtalar has how much inversion
2:3 20 degrees
in practice subtalar has how much eversion
1:3 10 degrees
in chronic arthritic conditions in subtalar joint what happens
limit inversion
traumatic arthritis in subtalar joint what happens
eversion is limited
closed pack position for subtalar joint
full inversion (supination)
open packed position for subtalar joint
inversion/plantarflexion
majority of joints in foot and ankle will be classified how
synovial modified ovoid
what are the main deep talocalcaneal joint ligaments
interosseous
cervical
axial
what are the superficial talocalcaneal joint ligaments
lateral and posterior
what two articulations are in the midtarsal joint complex
talonavicular
calcaneocuboid
calcaneocuboid is classified as what type of joint
synovial modified sellar
calcaneonavicular ligament aka and location
spring ligament (navicular to sustentaculum)
calcaneocuboid joint includes what ligaments
long plantar ligament
part of bifurcate ligament dorsally
what is the most common direction to injure an ankle
plantarflexion inversion
interphalangeal joints are classified as what
synovial modified sellar joint
what is the only bone in the body with 3 anterior facets
navicular
cuboid navicular does what
syndesmosis- diastasis
when the IP joint has
hyperextension of MTP
flexionof PIP and DIP
claw toe- callus on MTP plantar side and PIP dorsal side
when the IP joint has
hyperextension of MTP and DIP
flexion of PIP
hammer toe- callus dorsal side PIP
when the IP joint has
hyperflexion of DIP
Mallet toe- callus on dorsum DIP and tip of toe
lateral deviation of proximal phalanx of 1st toe
hallux valgus
where is the pain for hallux valgus
medial side of 1st MTP
what can hallux valgus result in
external rotation of 1at ray
what is a ray
metatarsal + phalange
What is an adaptation to hallucinate valgus
Over lapping of toes
If the 5th pip laterally deviates it is known as
Taylor’s bunion or bunionette
Where does the plantar fascia originate
Os calcis
Histologically what makes up the plantar fascia
Collagen and elastic fibers
What arch bears the most brunt from weight bearing of the body
Medial arch
Abnormally high arch
Pes cavus
Absent arch
Pes planus
Ortho test for arches
Ridged or supple flat feet
Absence of medial arch both stand and sit= rigid
Presence while seated gone when stand= supple
Name the compartments of the extrinsic foot muscles
Anterior
Posterior superficial
Posterior deep
Lateral
Anterior compartment of extrinsic foot muscles includes
Dorsiflexors: Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallicus longus Peroneus tertius
What is the strongest dorsiflexor and invertor of the foot
Anterior tibialis
Loss of muscle strength in the anterior tibialis results in
Foot drop
Step gate
Posterior superficial compartment is located where and contains what
Located posterior to interosseous membrane
Contains gastroc
Soleus
Plantaris
What is contained within the posterior deep compartment
Foot flexors
Posterior tibialis
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallicus longus
What is contained with in the lateral compartment
Peroneus longus and brevis
How many layers are the intrinsic layers divided into
4
1st layer of intrinsic muscles
Abductor hallicus
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevis
2nd layer of intrinsic muscles
Flexor digitorum accesorius
Lumbricles
3 rd layer
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi
Adductor hallucis
4 th layer
Dorsal interossei
Plantar interossei
Dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
How many arches of the foot what are they
Medial arch
Lateral arch
Transverse arch
Medial arch is made up of what bones
1st 3 digits and metatarsals
Navicular
Talus
Lateral arch is made of what bones
Digits 4 & 5 and metatarsals
Cuboid
Calcaneous
Transverse arch is made of what bones
Metatarsals
Pain between metatarsal heads of 3 and 4
No apparent injury
Mortons neuroma
What is the test for mortons neuroma
2 hands smooth medially
Neuropathy of the posterior tibial N due to compression or stretching
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Result of tarsal tunnel syndrome
Repetitive hyperflexion/extension resulting in tenosynovitis because,of constriction of PTN
Main blood supply of the foot
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries branches from popliteal A
Obstructed vascular supply unilaterally
Residual edema secondary to trauma
Bilateral swelling in the foot
Possible cardiac or lymphatic problems or pelvic obstruction to venous return
Frontal plane motion
Inversion and eversion
Sagittal plane of motion
Plantar/Doris Flexion
Horizontal plane of motion
Abduction adduction
Triplaner motion occurs in what joints
Talocrural
Subtalar
Mid tarsal
1&5 Rays
Normal alignment for 1st MTP
Varies btw 5-15 degrees valgus